Kala - waa in bayoolaji in uu yahay? tusaalooyin kala

Kala bayoolaji - waa maxay? Xaaladaha qaarkood, dadka ku nool deegaan dabiici ah oo kala duwan durugsan noqon kartaa hiddo ka duwan inta kale ee dadweynaha, gaar ahaan marka ay jirto kala duwan oo badan oo ah noocyada. kala hidda - waa in geeddi-socodka biology, taas oo laba ama ka badan oo dadka ka mid ah noocyada ay isirka u madax banaan isku uruursadaan isbedelada hidda (Isbedelo) si ay u soo saaraan awood u badbaaday farcankaaga. kala duwanaanshaha hidde dadka kala duwan waxaa ka mid ah waxaa laga yaabaa in Isbedelo aan saamayn phenotype ah, iyo sidoo kale natiijada in isbedel morphological iyo nafeedba u weyn.

kala hidde

At heerka of kala genetics kelli bayoolaji - waa isbedelada hidda-dhaca sabab u ah speciation. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, cilmi-baarayaashu sheegeen in lagama yaabo in this ifafaale ay sabab u ahayd muhiim ah oo hal mar ah iyo Isbedelo adag oo kaledii hidaha. Hadday suurtowdo, Isbedelo, kuwaas oo laga yaabaa in aan lagu wareejiyo jiilalka mustaqbalka. Sidaa darteed, waxa ay u badantahay waa joogto muuqashadii go'doomin taranka, taas oo ah natiijada Isbedelo yar badan inta lagu guda jiro horumar.

horumar kala duwan

Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida ah ee horumar, kala ee biology - waa arrin qof qaraabo ah, taas oo dadka, kuwaas oo markii hore ku ururto farqiga u-socodka ah ee horumarinta evolutionary, iyo si tartiib tartiib ah u noqdaan qaar badan oo ka kala duwan. Nidaamkan waxaa sidoo kale loo yaqaan "Meelaan" ayaa lagu tilmaamay in "The Origin of Species" (1859). Ka hor inta Darwin khadadka badan ka dheecaan dhexe ee nooca noocyada ayaa lagu tilmaamay by Alfred Russel Wallace ee 1858 sano. Sida laga soo xigtay aragti soo jireenka ah ee horumar, kala soo adeegta labo ujeeddo oo waaweyn:

• Waxa ay u ogolaataa jidhka noocan noolaadaan qaab a modified by isticmaalka niches cusub noolaha.
• kala duwanaanshaha kororka Tani waxay kordhisaa awooda qabsiga ee jiilka dhalinyarada ah si ay u kala duwan oo ka mid ah degaanada.

fikradaha Kuwanu waa Gaarna khiyaali ah, tan iyo markii uu tijaabo ay caddeeyaan aad u adag oo ku dhowaad aan macquul ahayn.

kala kelli

Waa maxay waxa la eego biology kelli? Tani saamiga nucleotides kala duwan u dhaxeeya laba qaybaha DNA. Waxa kale oo ay kala duwanaan karaan boqolkiiba ee acids amino u dhexeeya labada polypeptides. "Kala" Ereyga waxaa loo isticmaalaa in macnaha guud uu jiro male ah in labada taagoo waa wiilashii mid ka mid ah Britain waalidka. In geeddi-socodka ah ee horumar lagu arkay ma aha oo kaliya ku kala duwan yihiin laakiin sidoo kale kulanka dhacdooyinka, sida hybridization iyo kala iibsiga siman. Iyo dhacdooyinka sida dhacaan ka badan ayaa si joogto ah. hababka kelli ah kala evolutionary ee wax hidde waxaa ka mid ah bedelay nucleotide, deletions, insertions, recombination koromosoomyada, transposition iyo inversion, yaac, diinta iyo kala iibsiga hiddo-siman. Tirada bedelay nucleotide waa tallaabo fudud oo waxtar leh oo ahaa darajadii ee kala dhexeeya labada isku xigxiga. Dhab ahaantii, waxaa jira dhawr dariiqo heli karaa in la qiyaaso tirada bedelay nucleotide iyo dhismaha geed phylogenetic in bandhigayaa kala duwan Jid-socodka ah ee horumar ah.

analoogga ee wada ah

Kala bayoolaji - waa analoogga ah oo wada evolutionary, inta lagu guda jiro kaas oo noolaha aan la dhigtay awowayaashood duwana noqday sidii ay sabab u tahay doorashada dabiiciga ah. Tusaale ahaan, waa umado iyo shimbiraha ayaa waxaad fartaan in ay la mid ee dareenka ah in ay leeyihiin baalal iyo duuli karaan, in kastoo awowayaashood flightless ahaayeen kuwo ku kala duwan. Dhab ahaantii, laba ka tirsan noocyada noolaha kala duwan. Kala bayoolaji - waa dhacdo evolutionary kaas oo waxaa jiray laba sifo morphological ama kelli ka awoowe caadi ah. Tilmaamo Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen asal ahaan isku mid ah, laakiin waxa ay noqotay Nuurre Aw in koorsada ah ee horumar. In case of kala waa in ay ahaadaan shahaado qaar ka mid ah la mid ah u dhexeeya laba sifooyinka in ay riixaan male ah in uu halkaas joogay awoowe caadi ah. Waayo, wada, on lid ku ah, waa inuu jiraa dissimilarity gaar ah, tan iyo muuqaalada qaar ayaa laga soo amaahday a awowayaashiin gebi ahaanba madax banaan. Sayidka, farqiga u dhexeeya kala oo wada jira ay adag tahay si loo soo dajiyo.

Kala sawirada biology

Qofka Evolution (divergentia Laata -. Kala) sida caadiga ah waxa u sabab ah sida- ah nooca la mid ah bay'ada iyo go'doon kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan waxaa ka mid ah kuwan soo socda: inta badan ee dadkuba waxay on meeraha leeyihiin addimada sare ee dadka iyo koroowga - gacan ku vertebrates - wixii baabacooyinka ku shimbiraha - baalasheeda, kalluunka - baalal iyo wixii la mid ah. xubnaha oo dhan, kuwaas oo waxaa loo isticmaalaa by noolaha siyaabo badan, laakiin asal ahaan waa isku mid. kala dhici karaa koox kasta oo ka mid ah noolaha la xiriira. The ka weyn tirada kala duwan ee, ugu weyn farqi ah. Iyo tusaalooyin sida ee dabiiciga ah, waxaa jira noocyo kala duwan oo weyn, sida dawacada. Haddii ay degaanka lamadegaanka ku, iyo dhogor ee xayawaanka ah oo midab gaar ah ka caawisaa in ay is qarin ka bahal. dawaco Red nool kaymaha, halkaas oo "jubbadda cas" waxa la xidhiidha muuqaal hoose. In lamadegaanka, kulaylka ka dhigaysa in ay adag tahay in la kululeeyo, sidaas oo dhegaha ugu jira dawaco ayaa waxay horumarisaa inay size weyn, sidaas darteed in jidhka uu uga takhalusi kulaylka xad-dhaaf ah. Of muhiimadda ay muhim kiiskan ugu horrayn waa xaaladaha deegaanka kala duwan iyo inay la qabsadaan shuruudaha, halkii ay ku kala duwan hidde. Haddii ay ku noolayd deegaanka isla, waxay u badan tahay in ay leeyihiin lahaa in si la mid ah. horumar kala duwan - waa xaqiijin ah ee dhawaanshaha hidaha.

kala The ee dabiiciga ah, tusaalooyin

Evolution - hannaanka ay noolaha beddesho muddo kadib. feature ugu muhiimsan waa in waxaas oo dhan waa mid aad u gaabis ah oo qaadataa kumanaan ama xitaa malaayiin sano. Kala bayoolaji - waa maxay? Ka fiirso, tusaale ahaan, isbedel ee jirka aadanaha, qaar ka mid sare, qaar ka mid ah hooseeyo, qaar ka mid ah timo cas, ku kale - madow, waxaa light-hasyo, mugdi-hasyo jiraan. Sida aadanaha, noolaha kale ee ku nool sidoo kale waxay leeyihiin wax badan oo kala duwanaansho gudahood dadka hal.

Kala - waa Biology (tusaale this muujiyaan) looga baahan yahay raasamaal ah isbadal hiddo-badbaadada. Waxaad ku siin karaa tusaale nolosha dhabta ah. On Islands Galapagos ee waxaa jira noocyo badan oo finches. Marka Charles Darwin booqday meelahan, waxa uu sheegay in xayawaankani runtii waa isku mid, laakiin qaar ka mid ah kala duwanaanshaha fure u dhaxeeya jira. Waa cabbirka iyo qaabka of beaks ay. Ay awoowe uu maray radiation-qabsiga, sidaas darteedna waxay sababaysaa in, horumarinta noocyada cusub. Tusaale ahaan, on jasiirad, halkaas oo miraha waxay ahaayeen badan, beaks Shimbiraha ma noqon karaan kuwo ku habboon in wax cunaya noocan oo kale ah cuntada. On dhismeedka jasiirada kale ee dhuuban si ay u caawiso xayawaanka cunaan xasharaadka. In dhamaadka, waxaa jira noocyada badan oo cusub, oo mid kasta leedahay qaababka ay u gaar ah.

horumar kala duwan waxay dhacdaa marka aynu ka hadlayno a noocyada cusub. Sida caadiga ah, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si ay u qabsadaan si xaaladaha deegaanka kala duwan. Tusaale wanaagsan yahay cagta aadanaha, taas oo ah mid aad uga duwan lugaha daanyeer, in kasta oo ay awoowe - primate ah. nooc cusub oo ka mid ah (kiiskan, aadanuhu) waxaad fartaan Wannaagga sababtoo ah waxaa mar dambe ma u baahan tahay inay fuulaan geedaha. Bipedalism waxa uu sameeyay isbedeladii lagama maarmaan in raso ah si loo hagaajiyo xawaaraha, dheelitirka iyo dhaqdhaqaaq joogto ah dusha dhulka ee. Inkasta oo dadka iyo la fageeyo hiddo la mid yihiin, waxay yeelatay noocyo kala duwan oo sifooyin jirka lagama maarmaanka u ah badbaadada.