Heshiiska Munich

gaar ah, Heshiiska Munich Waxaa la odhan karaa waa mid ka mid ah khaladaad siyaasadda dibadda ugu daran ee 1930. Waa heshiis diblomaasiyadeed, kaas oo isla kacay sidii tanaasul, jeediyay dalalka Yurub ee Nazi Germany, in ay isku dayaan in ay sii ay galeen, laakiin keentay in ay ka dillaacay of dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka.

Ka dib burburkii iyo xijaab ah Empire Austro-Hungarian, ka 1918 si ay u 1938 in ka badan saddex milyan oo Jarmalka qowmiyadaha ahaayeen gayiga gobolka cusub ee Czechoslovakia, xuduud xadka gobolka taariikhiga ah ee Bohemia Kingdom. Waxay ku urursan yihiin Sudetenland ah. Sida laga soo xigtay Natalia Lebedeva, taariikhyahan ka mid ah Academy Ruush ee Sciences, iyo labaatan boqolkiiba Czechoslovakia waa Jarmal.

Hogaamiyaha dalka Jarmalka Sudeten Konrad Henlein aasaasay xisbiga Sudeten Jarmal, taas oo u adeegi jireen sida laan ka mid ah xisbiga Nazi iyo inay wax ka qabtaan oo keliya danaha Germany. By 1935, waa xisbiga labaad ee ugu weyn siyaasadeed ee Czechoslovakia. Muddo yar ka dib Anschluss ah (midoobidda la Germany) ee Austria, March 28, 1938 Henlein la kulmay Hitler ee Berlin, halkaas oo uu ku amray in kor looga baahan yahay in ay Dowladda Czechoslovak ah, oo loo yaqaan barnaamijka Carlsbad ah. Ka mid ah shuruudaha - xuquuq siman la Czech iyo madaxbannaani waayo, Jarmalka ku nool Czechoslovakia. Haddii Dowladda Czechoslovak diyaar u ahayd inay samaynayaan tanaasulaad halis ah marka la eego tirada badan ee Jarmalka, su'aasha ah ee madaxbannaani ahaa aan la aqbali karin.

The qorshaha of Hitler ka dib markii badhkood of Austria tallaabada xigta waxay ahayd qabsashadii of Czechoslovakia iyo abuuritaanka Germany Greater ah. In May 1938 waxaa ogaaday in shaqo ee Czechoslovakia dhab ahaantii waa arin ee Germany. Waxaa laga yaabaa in 20 Hitler Guud uu mashruuca ku meel gaar ah ayaa lagu soo bandhigay in weerarkii lagu qaaday Czechoslovakia, iyo dhaleeco Operation "Grun". In dardaaran ah oo si qarsoodi ah u saxiixay by Hitler, dhawr maalmood ka dib, waxaa la sheegay in, si ay u bilaabaan dagaal ka dhan ah Czechoslovakia aan ka dambayn 1 October.

Xukuumadda Czechoslovak ayaa rajo ka qabay in France, oo uu ka galay isbahaysi la, iman lahaa gurmad haddii ay dhacdo of duulaankii a Jarmal. Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa sidoo kale heshiis la Czechoslovakia, taasoo muujinaysa rabitaanka ah in ay iskaashi la France iyo Great Britain. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, adeegyada iman kara ee Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa la iska indho dhibaato oo dhan. Adolf Hitler fahamsan yahay in Britain iyo France ma doonayaan dagaal, balse ay yihiin lagama yaabo inay doonayaan in ay u midoobaan la Midowga Soofiyeeti, nidaam keligii ah oo dalalkaas ka sii badan kaligii faashistihii Hitler ee nebcaaday.

Waxaa laga yaabaa in marxalad in laftiisa, Czechoslovakia, taasoo wuxuu lahaa ciidan oo xoog leh ay awoodi karto in dib weerarkii ciidanka Hitler. Midowga Soofiyeeti, iyadoo la raacayo heshiiska ee 1935, kala saxiixdeen labada dal, kaa caawin karta Czechoslovakia oo kaliya haddii ay dhacdo in tallaabo noocan oo kale ah ku heshiiyeen in ay France.

September 18 Talyaani jiryada Benito Mussolini siiyey hadalka ah in Trieste, halkaas oo uu sheegay in Italy ay taageertaa dhibaatooyinka hadda jira ee Germany.

Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Ingiriiska Neville Chamberlain, kuwaas oo ahaa taageere ka mid ah siyaasadda ee Qancinta gardarooday, la goostay in haddii, si looga hortago dagaal. Wuxuu ku sameeyey laba safarada in Germany, iyadoon la tashan madaxda Czechoslovak, Hitler bixiyeen xaaladaha wanaagsan, laakiin Fuehrer ilaalinaysay ku daray shuruudaha, isagoo sheegay in sheegashada ah qowmiyadaha Jarmalka ee Poland iyo Hungary sidoo kale jiri doona qanacsan.

September 24, ka hadlayay Palace Sports ee Berlin, Hitler uu hadalka siiyey Czechoslovakia ka hor September 28 in ay ku wareejin Sudetenland ah, haddii kale Germany dagaalka u baxay.

Czechoslovakia bilaabay inuu abaabulo ciidamada. Midowga Soofiyeeti ayaa sheegay in ay diyaar u yihiin inay gargaar ah Czechoslovakia. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Madaxweynaha Benes of Czechoslovakia Edvar diiday inay dagaal ugu baxaan iyaga oo aan taageero ka awoodaha reer galbeedka.

Neville Chamberlain iyo Ra'iisul Wasaaraha Faransiis Eduard Delade u safray Munich in ay ka jawaabaan dalabka Hitler.

Benito Mussolini bixiyeen Hitler hab si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatada: in la qabto shir la yeeshaan madaxda ka mid ah afarta dal ee (UK, France, Italy, Germany), marka laga reebo Czechoslovakia iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti, si loo kordhiyo suurtagalnimada ay heshiis gaaraan oo si ay u wiiqaan midnimo in laga yaabaa ma ay guushu ku Germany.

Kulanka ayaa waxaa muhim ah, oo loo yaqaano Shirkii Munich ka, qaaday on September 29-30 ee dhismaha "Führerbau" (House of Fuhrer ah). Soo jeedinta ayaa si rasmi ah u soo bandhigay by Mussolini, in kastoo, sida la ogaaday dhowr sano ka dib, qorshaha Talyaani loo diyaariyey by Wasaaradda Arrimaha Dibedda ee Germany. ciidanka Jarmal ahayd in mashquulin Sudetenland ah by October 10, iyo Guddiga Caalamiga ah - si ay u go'aamiyaan mustaqbalka ee meelaha kale ee lagu muransan yahay. In quus si looga hortago in dhicin dagaalkii oo doonaya in ay ka fogaadaan isbahaysi la Midowga Soofiyeeti, Neville Chamberlain iyo Edouard Daladier isku raacay in Sudetenland waa in ee Germany tagaan. In soo laabtay, Hitler balan qaaday in uu mar dambe u baahan tahay meelaha kasta oo Yurub ah.

Ugu dambayntii, go'aanka waxaa rasmi ee Germany, Britain, France iyo Italy ayaa saxiixay Heshiiskii Munich ka, kaas oo waxaa la hortagi by dhicin dagaalkii, laakiin maray on the Sudetenland, Czechoslovakia Germany. Xukuumadda Czechoslovak ayaa lagu qasbay inuu aqbalo. Nevill Chemberlen Eduardu Beneshu sheegay in Britain ma geli doonto dagaalka lagula jiro dhibaatada Sudetenland ah.

Daladier iyo Chamberlain guriga ku soo laabtay, halkaas oo ay la kulmeen by dad ka mid ah dadka boggiisa Facebook, gargaartay in halista dagaalyahannada ahaa soo maray. Chamberlain jeestay erayada dadweynaha British, in uu "ayaa in aannu mar keenay nabad." Laakiin erayada uu isla markiiba loolan by siyaasi caan ah Winston Churchill, kuwaas oo uu sheegay in Neville sameeyeen dookh u dhexeeya dagaal iyo sharafdarro, "Waxaad doortay sharafdarro, iyo dagaal ayaa iman doonta." Dawladda Ingiriiska laga badiyay taageerada dowladda Czech iyo Czech ciidamada, mid ka mid ah ugu fiican Yurub, ayaa tilmaamay in Winston Churchill iyo siyaasi kale oo caan ah, Entoni tuhmayo. taariikhyahanadu badan ayaa isku raacsan yihiin in heshiis Munich ee, gartay sida dood ugu muhiimsan waa in ay ka fogaadaan colaad military, shiidaa Dhibka Europe in ay dagaal ba'an.

Daladier heshiis Khaa'imiinta xishood, laakiin Chamberlain ahaa faraxsan. Ka hor inta uusan Munich, xitaa uu saxiixay la document Hitler damaanad-qaaday in ay UK iyo Germany ayaa dooni doona inay xaliyaan khilaafaadka si loo xaqiijiyo nabadda mustaqbalka.

maalin ka dib saxiixa heshiis dabacsan Germany LABAGEEDI Sudetenland ah. Siyaasadda sida Chamberlain ayaa cadadkii ee sanadka soo socda.

Goor danbe oo Risaalo ka mid ah Czechoslovakia ayaa sidoo kale ka soo qayb galay Poland iyo Hungary lahaa sheegashada ay dhul u gaar ah. Joojinta Heshiiska Munich ee, in March 1939, Germany degan qayb ka mid ah Czechoslovakia sii. dalka ka joogsadeen si uu u jiro. September 1, 1939 Germany galeen Poland. Dagaalkii labaad ee dunida bilaabay. Markaas oo keliya Neville Chamberlain ogaaday in Hitler aan lagu aamini karin.

Heshiiska Munich ayaa dhibcaha kala waxba tarayn ee appeasement of siyaasadii is-balaadhinta dalalka keligii, in kastoo ay tahay in hab qaar ka mid ah ka caawisay in ay soo iibsato waqtigii xulafadooda ay u kordhin lahaayeen dagaal diyaar.