Guryaha jirka ah ee aldehydes

By aldehydes ka mid ah xeryahooda organic, taas oo waxaa lagu gartaa debaajiga double u dhaxeeya carbon iyo oksijiin ka atamka iyo labada bonds hal eb isla carbon leh xagjirka hydrocarbon muujinaysaa by R warqadda, oo la eb hydrogen ah. Group of atamka> C = O waxaa loo yaqaan group carbonyl ah, waa caan aldehydes oo dhan. aldehydes badan ayaa leh ur wacan. Waxa laga yaabaa in loo diyaar garoobo ka alcohols by dehydrogenation (saarista hydrogen), sidaasna ku helay magaca caadi ah - aldehydes. Guryaha waxaa lagu go'aamiyey by joogitaanka kooxda carbonyl aldehyde, halka ay taalo in Britain ay, iyo sidoo kale dhererka ka da'ayeen iyo branching ee shidaalka ee xagjirka ah. Taasi waa, isagoo garanaya magaca oo ah walaxda, oo muujineysa in ay caanaha dhismaha, waxaad filan kartaa kiimikada gaar ah iyo guryaha jirka ah ee aldehydes.

Waxaa jira labo siyaabood oo waaweyn ee magaca aldehydes. Habka koowaad wuxuu ku salaysan yahay habka loo isticmaalo by Ururka Isgaarsiinta Caalamiga ah (IUPAC), waxaa inta badan loo yaqaan Magac-nidaamsan. Waxay ku salaysan tahay xaqiiqada ah in silsilad ugu dheer oo la eb carbon ku lifaaqan group carbonyl ah, samaysa aasaaska horyaalka aldehyde ah, in uu yahay, ay magaca ka yimaadaa magaca alkane ee la xidhiidha iyadoo la bedelayo xarfaha lagu daba-galaha Gogol ku sheikh Axmed (methane - matanal, ethane - ethanal propane - propanal, butane - butanal iyo wixii la mid ah). Hab kale oo uu isticmaalaa dhismaha magaca horyaalka aldehydes dhiganta carboxylic acid taas oo iyana natiijada lagu qayilo (methanal - formic aldehyde, ethanal - aldehyde acetic, propanal - aldehyde waa propionaldehyde, butanal - saliid aldehyde iyo wixii la mid ah).

Farqiga ugu muhiimsan ee dhismaha u dhaxeeya alkanes iyo aldehydes, aldehydes go'aaminta guryaha jirka ah, waa ay joogaan in dambaysta ah ee kooxda carbonyl (> = C O). Kooxdani waxa ay masuul ka tahay kala duwan ee guryaha jireed iyo kiimikada ee walxaha tiro isku mid ah atamka carbon ama miisaan la mid ah kelli. Khilaafyadaas waxaa jira ay sabab u tahay kala fogaansho ee kooxaha carbonyl> = + Sδ Oδ-. Taasi waa, cufnaanta electron on eb carbon ku wareejiyay xagga eb oxygen, samaynta oxygen qayb electronegative iyo electropositive qayb carbon. Si ay u muujiyaan polarity ee group carbonyl waxaa inta badan loo isticmaalaa Delta warqad Greek (δ), taasi waxay muujinaysaa lacag qayb ahaan. dhamaadka xun ee ka mid ah Britain kala horjeeda waxaa soo jiitay in dhamaadka wanaagsan ee Britain kale kala horjeeda. Britain Tani waxay noqon kartaa mid keliya haddii walax kale. Aldehydes, ketones ka duwan in carbon ugu dambeeyey ee group carbonyl ku xiran by bonds keli ah laba xag shidaalka. Qoraalkani waxa uu sidoo kale xiiso leh in la is barbar guryaha jirka ah ee aldehydes iyo ketones.

Kooxda polarity Waxaa> C = O saameeyaa guryaha jirka ah ee aldehyde ah: heerkulka barta barafku ka mid ah a dhibic karaya, milmi, daqiiqad Dipole. xeryahooda shidaalka ay ku jiraan kaliya hydrogen iyo carbon atamka, wuu dhalaali iyo kasoobaxa marka heerkulku hooseeyo. In qalabka la group carbonyl yihiin si weyn u sareeya. Tusaale ahaan, butane (CH3CH2CH2CH3), propanal (CH3CH2CHO) iyo acetone (CH3SOSN3) waxay leeyihiin tiro la mid ah kelli of 58 oo dhibic karaya in butane waa 0 ° C, halka propanal waa 49 ° C, halka acetone waa 56 ° C. Sababta farqiga weyn been in xaqiiqda ah in u taagoo kala horjeeda waxay leeyihiin fursad dheeraad ah in la soo jiidatay in kasta oo kale oo ka badan ay u taagoo aan kala horjeeda, sidaas darteed ay jab u baahan yihiin tamar dheeraad ah iyo, Sidaa darteed, wuxuu u baahan yahay kulaylka dheeraad ah si loo dhalaaliyo aawadeed xarunta ama la kariyey.

Iyada oo sii kordhaya miisaanka kelli ah la beddelo guryaha jirka ah ee aldehydes. Formaldehyde (HCHO) waa walax gaseous at xaaladaha caadiga ah, acetaldehyde (CH3CHO), booguhu waxay heerkulka qolka. aldehydes kale ku hoos jira xaalad caadiga ah (kuwa ka soo miisaanka kelli sare marka laga reebo) waa dareere ah. taagoo Polar aadan si fudud qas non-kala horjeeda sababtoo ah taagoo kala horjeeda waxaa soo jiitay in kasta oo kale, ee aan kala horjeeda oo aan karin inay tuujin u dhaxeeya. Sidaa darteed Consort ma L. biyo, tan u taagoo biyo waa kala horjeeda. taagoo Aldehydes taas oo tirada atamka carbon hoose ka badan 5, waxaa kala diri ee biyaha, laakiin haddii tirada atamka carbon ka badan 5 weyn, kala diridda dhacdaa. aldehydes milmi Good ka miisaanka kelli yar yahay ay sabab u formation of bonds hydrogen dhexeeya eb hydrogen eb Britain ayaa biyo iyo oksijiin ee group carbonyl ah ee.

polarity ee u taagoo sameeyay by atamka kala duwan, waxaa lagu sheegi karaa tiro dhowr ah, loo yaqaan daqiiqad Dipole. Britain sameeyey by the atamka isku mid ma aha horjeeda oo aan daqiiqad Dipole. daqiiqad Dipole dulinka faray dhinaca element taagan in miiska wareegsan, (waayo, mid muddo) si ay xaq u. Haddii Britain ayaa waxa ay ka kooban of atamka ka mid ah koox hoosaadka, cufnaanta electron ka baddalo doonaa element la tiro isku xigxiga yar. Inta badan Consort ku jirin waqti xaadirkaan Dipole ama ay magnitude waa mid aad u yar, laakiin waa aldehydes badan, kaas oo sidoo kale sharaxayaa guryaha jirka ah ee aldehydes.