Gantaalo - ka "Katyusha" in "dabaysha cirwareenta ah"

Oo Bishaarayn gantaalo casri ah oo la oran karo hub ka Shiinaha. Madaafiic dabooli karaan fogaan ah 1.6 km, daynin goolka tirada weyn ee fallaadho soo qaatay. In West ah, qalabka sida ayaa u muuqday 400 oo sano oo kaliya ka dib.

History of qolofka gantaal ah

The gantaalo ugu horeysay ahaayeen oo keliya ay sabab u tahay muuqashada Baaruud, kaas oo la been abuurtay in Shiinaha. Alchemists furo this item by shil, marka la soo saaray elixir ah nolosha weligeed ah. Qarnigii line-bambooyin Baaruud ayaa ugu horeysay loo isticmaalo, taas oo loo soo diray in bartilmaameed u ah catapults. Waxa uu ahaa hub ugu horeysay hab ay of taas oo u ekaan gantaalo ah.

Gantaalaha bilaabay in Shiinaha ee 1400 waxay ahaayeen ugu la mid ah qalabka casriga. kala duwan ee waxaan carar ahaa in ka badan 1.5 km. Waxay ahaayeen laba gantaalo, qalabaysan matoorada. Ka hor inta dayrta oo ka mid ah off qaatay tiro aad u badan oo fallaadhihiisa. Ka dib markii Shiinaha hub sida ka muuqday Hindiya, ka dibna dib u England helay.

General Congreve ee 1799 ku salaysan ee ay soo koraya nooc cusub oo ah qolofka Baaruud. Waxay isla markiiba la geeyay geli jiray ciidanka Ingiriiska. Markaasaa waxaa qori weyn, oo soo saarta gantaalo fogaan ah 1.6 km.

Xitaa ka hor, in 1516, baariyo Zaporozhye Cossacks dhow Belgorod ee burburinta ah guutooyinkiisii Tatar ee Giray Crimean Khan ee Melik codsatay gantaalo xitaa more cusub. Thanks to hubka cusub ee ay awoodaan in ay jabiyaan ciidanka Tataarka, taas oo wax badan ka badan Cossack ahaayeen. Nasiib darro, waxa qarsoon ee ay horumarka Cossacks ka qaadeen iyaga la, dhimanayaan in dagaallada ku xiga.

Guulaha A. Zasyadko

horumar degdeg ah A waaweyn ee abuurista rido waxaa laga sameeyey Aleksandrom Dmitrievichem Zasyadko. Waxa uu ahaa kii been abuurtay oo guul leh u dhaqan RCD ugu horeysay - gantaalo badan. Waxay u dhawdahay inay isku mar lagu sii deyn kara ugu yaraan 6 gantaalo ka mid ah qaab-dhismeedka sida. Rakiban leeyihiin miisaanka yar yahay, taas oo suurto gal ah in iyaga lagu wareejiyo meel kasta ku haboon. horumarinta Zasyadko ayaa sare mahadiyo Duke Grand ee Constantine, walaalkiis boqorka. In uu warbixin u Alexander I, isagoo raadinaya shaqo ee darajo Colonel Zasyadko ee guud waaweyn.

Horumarinta gantaalo ee qarniyo XIX-XX.

In qarnigii XIX ee dhismaha gantaallo on nitroporohe (budo aan qiiqa lahayn) wuxuu bilaabay inuu ku lug NI Tikhomirov VA Artemyev. Daah-ugu horeysay ee gantaalada sida a rasaas ku USSR ee 1928. Madaafiic ka adkaan kari waayeen meel fog ka mid ah 5-6 km.

Thanks to tabarruca ah Professor ke Tsiolkovsky saynisyahano Ruush ka RNII II Gvaya, VN Galkovskii, AP Pavlenko AS Popov muuqday multi-bit Launcher gantaal Rs-M13 sannadaha 1938-1941 iyo rakibaadda ee BM-13 ah. Isla mar ahaantaana, saynisyahano Ruush abuuro gantaalo. gantaalo Kuwani - "eresy" - waxay noqon doontaa qayb ka ugu weyn ee muddo dheer baaba'ay "Katyusha" ku. Kor Abuurkiisa shaqayn doonaa dhowr sano.

Dejinta ah "Katyusha"

Sida ka leexatay, shan maalmood ka hor weerarka German on group USSR ee LE Schwartz tusay ee gobolka Moscow ee qalab cusub oo lagu magacaabo "Katyusha". Launcher Gantaal BM-13 waxaa loo bixiyey waqti. Baaritaano ayaa la sameeyey June 17, 1941 on qubka Sofrinsky lug Chief of Staff GK Zhukov, Dadka commissar Difaaca, rasaas iyo hub, iyo wakiillo kale oo ka tirsan ciidamada Cas. July 1 qalab this military ayaa ka tagay ka Moscow horteeda. Oo laba todobaad, "Katyusha" booqday baabtiiskii koowaad ee dabka. Hitler waxaa adkaaday in si lama filaan ah si ay u bartaan oo ku saabsan waxtarka of Launcher gantaal ah.

Kooxda Jarmalka ayaa ka cabsadeen reer qoryaha oo ay isku dayayaan inay isaga soo qabtaan ama dilaan. Isku dayaysa in ay cilinta samaynta ee Germany hub isku mid ma aha guul. qolofka ma helaan xawaaraha, waxaan lahaa Jid duulimaadka qasan iyo ma ku dhuftay bartilmaameedka. Baaruud saarka Soviet si cad ah oo tayo leh oo kala duwan ahaa, ee ay horumarka ku qaatay tobanaan sano. dhigooda Jarmal ma bedeli karo, taas oo keenta in rasaas aan degganayn.

Abuuridda of this hub awood u furay bog cusub oo taariikhda horumarinta hubka madaafiicda. Amaanaa "Katyusha" waxay bilaabeen inay xirtaan horyaalka sharaf of "ku guuleystay hub."

Tilmaamo horumarinta

gantaalo BM-13 ka kooban yihiin design gaar ah lix-wheel iyo afar-wheel gaari drive a. Behind qol la go'an habka for gantaalaha on boosteejo ah, sida ku qeexan waxaa. wiish Gaarka hydraulically u qaaday qaybta hore ee hay'adaha xagal 45 digrii. Markii hore u dhaqaaqin midigta ama xagga bidixda madal ma ayaa la siiyey. Sidaa darteed, waayo bar-baahan yahay in si buuxda loo geeyo gaari xamuul ah oo dhan. 16 gantaallo ka geedka rasaas, duulaya at Jid free meeshii helo cadowga. markabka ayaa ka dhigaysa hagaajin xitaa marka rasaas. Ilaa hadda, ka beddelid badan oo horumarsan hubka ay isticmaali jireen ciidanka ee dalalka qaar.

In meel of BM-13 ee 1950-ka yimid Waxyeelo kubad-dab nidaamyada (MLRS) BM-14.

gantaalo "Goon"

Ka dib-habeynta nidaamka ahaa "Goon". nidaamka gantaalaha la abuuray ujeeddo oo isku mid sida tusaalooyinka la mid ah hore. Kaliya adag hawsha loogu talagalay horumarinta. kala duwan oo ka cayrinta waxay ahayd in ay ahaadaan ugu yaraan 20 km.

Horumarinta gantaalo cusub ku hawlan SRI 147, kaas oo ilaa markaas uma abuurin hub sida. In 1958, hoos jihada of A. Ganicheva oo taageero ka Guddiga State ee Difaaca Technology shaqeeya horumarinta gantaal ayaa la bilaabay for a beddelka cusub rakibo. In la abuuro la dabaqay madaafiic saarka qolofka technology. Guryo abuuray oo isticmaalaya habka ay u kulul-sawirka. Xasilinta ee gano ku dhacaa sabab u tahay dabada iyo wareeg.

Ka dib markii tijaabo badan in gantaallo "Goon" markii ugu horaysay la isticmaalo baadad afar garbaha qalooca, kuwaas oo shaaca ka qaaday bilowgii. Sayidka, AN Ganichev awoodaan si loo hubiyo in gantaal ah qayb ka mid ah hage embriyaha weyn ahaa, iyo nidaamka xasilinta diyaarad ay ahayd fiican ee kala duwan oo rasaas at 20km. The sameeyayaal steel ugu weyn RI-147, RI-6, 47-GSKB, SKB-203.

Imtixaanada waxa lagu qabtaa goobta "Rzhevka" u dhow Leningrad March 1, 1962 iyo sannad ka dib, March 28, 1963, qaatay dalka lagu go'aamiyay "Goon". Launcher Gantaal lagu riday saarka January 29, 1964

Halabuurka The oo ka mid ah "Castle"

SZO MB 21 ka mid ah arrimaha soo socda:

- Launcher gantaal, kaas oo la dhajinta on jiifku ay masruufaan "Ural-375" ee gaariga;

- Nidaamka gacanta dab iyo gaadiidka iyo loading gaariga 9T254 ku saleysan "ZIL-131",

- saddex mitir 40 ee foomka of tuubooyinka guide dhajinta on salka, kaas oo isku bedbedeli doono in diyaarad siman iyo vertical laaluusheen.

Ujeedadu waa la fuliyay gacanta ama xoogga korontada. Amraya rakibo gacanta. Gaariga guuri karaa eedeeyay. Toogashada waa kubad darbo ama hal. Haddii Salvo ah waxaa saamayn xoog muhiim ah in meel ka mid ah 1046 mitir oo laba jibbaaran in 40 wareeg. m.

Madaafiic for "Castle"

Si dab, waxaad isticmaali kartaa noocyo kala duwan oo gantaalo. Waxay ku kala duwan kala duwan toogashada ah, burburinta mass ee bartilmaameedka. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa si ay u galaan shaqaale, gawaarida gaashaaman, baytariyo madfac, diyaarad iyo diyaaradaha qumaatiga u kaca dhulka, macdanta, rakibo of screens qiiq, faragelinta radio, sumowga by walxaha kiimikada.

Beddelka nidaamka "Goon" tiro aad u badan. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah waa in adeegga adduunka oo dhan.

MLRS Long-duwan "Uragan"

Isla horumarinta "Castle" The Soviet Union ayaa waxaa ku hawlan abuurka jet long-range badan nidaamyada Dhawaaqa qaraxa gantaalka (MLRS). Ka hor dhalashada of "Hurricane" gantaalo khibrad P-103, P-110 "Buluug", "Korshun". Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah ayaa lagu qiimeeyaa si wanaagsan, laakiin ma aha oo awood ku filan oo lahaa cillado ay.

Dabayaaqadii 1968 wuxuu bilaabay waxbarasho ee long-range NWB 220-mm. Asal ahaan waxa loo yaqaan "Castle-3» ahaa. kala duwan A buuxa ee nidaamka cusub loo qaaday horumarinta xal ka dib markii Wasaaradda Difaaca Warshadaha ee USSR on March 31, 1969. Perm Tirada warshad qoriga 172 in February 1972 soo saaray MLRS "Uragan" noocooda. Launcher Gantaal ayaa waxaa lagu ansixiyay 18 March 1975. Ka dib 15 sano oo Midowga Soofiyeeti waxaa ku yaalla 10 regiments madaafiic gantaal MLRS "Uragan" oo ka mid ah artbrigady Waxyeelo.

Sannadkii 2001, sida nidaamyada "Hurricane" ayaa adeegga ee dalalka Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee hore:

- Russia - 800;

- Kazakhstan - 50;

- Moldova - 15;

- Tajikistan - 12;

- Turkmenistan - 54;

- Uzbekistan - 48;

- Ukraine - 139.

Madaafiic u "Harikayntu" waa mid aad la mid ah rasaas u "Goon". qaybaha isku mid yihiin qayb ka mid ah lagu eedeeyay gano gantaal iyo 9M27 9H164. Si loo yareeyo kala duwan tallaabada ay sidoo kale xirtaan giraan jejebiyey. Dhererkooduna waa 4832-5178 mm, iyo miisaanka - 271-280 kg. Masaf in cufnaanta dhexdhexaad ah ciidda ayaa ballaciisu yahay ee 8 mitir oo qoto dheer ah 3 mitir. Rasaas kala duwan ee 10-35 km. Jajabkii ka jabiyay qolofka fogaan ah 10 m feeraan karo 6 mm caqabad bir.

Waayo, waa maxay ujeedada waa nidaamka "Hurricane"? Launcher Gantaal waxaa loogu talagalay si ay u galaan shaqaale, gawaarida gaashaaman, artpodrazeleny, gantaalo taatiko, nidaamka difaaca hawada, helicopters in la dhigto, xarumaha isgaarsiinta iyo bartilmaameedyada milateri-warshadaha.

MLRS saxda ah "Smerch"

aqonsado ee nidaamka waa isku darka of tilmaamayaasha sida awoodda, kala duwan oo sax ah. MLRS ugu horeysay adduunka ee la projectiles qoqobada gacanta - Launcher gantaal "Smerch", kaas oo wali ma laha analogues ee dunida. gantaalo ay gaari karaan duleedka gool, kaas oo ah 70 km ka fog qoriga. New MRL ayaa ansixiyay in USSR 19 November ee 1987.

Sannadkii 2001, "Hurricane," nidaamka waa in dalalka sida (Midowgii Soofiyeeti ee hore):

- Russia - 300 baabuurta;

- Belarus - 48 baabuurta;

- Ukraine - 94 mashiinada.

gano wuxuu leeyahay dherer of 7600 mm. Its miisaanka waa 800 kg. Dhammaan noocyada leeyihiin saamayn carqalad iyo waxyeello weyn. Loss of nolosha batteriga "Hurricane" iyo "Cyclone" waa loo siman yahay si falalka hubka nuclear xeeladeed. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay u isticmaalaan aan dunida u tixgeliyo si khatar ah. Waxay waxaa u dhigantaa hubka sida qoryaha ama taangiyada.

Lagu kalsoon yahay oo awood leh "Topol"

In 1975, machadka Moscow ee kulul Technology bilaabay in la dhiso nidaam mobile awood u bilaabay gantaallo ka goobo kala duwan. Sidaas oo adag hab gantaal ah "Topol". Waxay ahayd jawaab u ah ee Midowga Soofiyeeti, maamula Maraykanka Intercontinental gantaalaha ballistic (waxay la ansixiyay ee Maraykanka ee 1959).

Imtixaanka hore wuxuu dhacay December 23, 1983. Intii lagu guda jiray fulinta taxane ah oo furayey gantaal laftiisa tusay hub ahaan lagu kalsoon yahay oo awood leh.

360 kaxeynayo "Topol" ayaa ku yaalla 1999, a meelaha toban-meel.

Sannad kasta ee Russia bilaabi hal gantaal "Topol". Tan iyo abuurniinta ee dhismaha waxaa fuliyey 50 imtixaanada. Dhammaantood way wada tageen oo aan wax dhibaato ah. Tani waxay muujinaysaa isku halaynta ugu sareeya.

Launcher gantaal qaybta "Tochka-U" waxaa la soo saaray ee Midowga Soofiyeeti inuu baabbi'iyo diirada u yar. Work on abuurista qoriga this bilaabay March 4, 1968 by amarka ka mid ah Golaha Wasiirada. Qandaraaslaha ahaa Kolomenskoye KB. Designer Chief - SP Loogama badin. Waayo, nidaamka gacanta gantaal mas'uul ka CRI AG. Launcher soo saaray Volgograd.

Waa maxay SAM

Calan ee siyaalaha kala duwan military iyo mid farsamo, kuwaas oo wada xiran la adeegsanayo weeraro cadowga ka hawada iyo meesha bannaan ee ka qaban, loo yaqaan nidaamka gantaalaha lidka diyaaradaha ee (ADMS).

Waxaa loo kala saaraa sida ay meesha of talaabo military, dhaqdhaqaaqa, sida uu habka ay u dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo dooneysa, kala duwan qalliinka. Waxaa ka mid ah nidaamka gantaal "BUK" iyo "Irbad", "laxle" iyo kuwa kale. Waa maxay farqiga u dhexeeya design ee noocan ah? Anti-diyaaradaha Launcher gantaal ka mid ah hab oo sahamin iyo gaadiidka, si toos ah raad diirada anteenada, Launcher dusha-to-hawada gantaalo ah, unit gacanta gantaal iyo taageero, ku xusan habka ay gacanta qalabka.