Fluoro element Chemical: guryaha valence sifo

Fluorine (F) - ugu Waxyeelo element kiimikada iyo kooxda halogeen fudud 17 (VIIa) ee miiska wareegsan. dabeecad fluorine ay sabab u tahay awood Tani in ay soo jiidato electrons (element ugu electronegative) iyo size yar ee atamka ay.

History of daahfurka

The fluorine-ka kooban macdanta fluorspar lagu tilmaamay in 1529 by dhakhtar Jarmal iyo mineralogist Georgiem Agrikoloy. Waxay u badan tahay in hydrofluoric acid markii ugu horaysay la helay ee piano- la aqoon Ingiriisi 1720 GA 1771 ee farmashiyaha Iswiidhen Carl Wilhelm Scheele helay cayriin hydrofluoric acid hoos fluorspar diirinta xoog sulfuric acid ee Cape Verde galaas, taas oo inta badan mirdheen hoos tallaabo ee alaabta ka dhalanaya . Sidaa darteed, in tijaabo ku xiga, weelasha ka samaysan yihiin birta. Ku dhowaad ammooniya acid helay in 1809 sano, laba sano ka dib jirka Faransiiska André-Marie Ampère maleeyey in xarunta hydrogen la element aan la garanayn, chlorine le'eg oo, kaas oo ka φθόριος ku fluoro Greek la soo jeediyay magaca, «carqalad». Fluorspar jeestay fluoride calcium.

sii daayo Fluoride wuxuu ahaa mid ka mid ah dhibaatooyinka ugu waaweyn ee xallin ee kimistari imanba ilaa 1886, marka farmashiyaha Faransiis Anri Muassan ahaa element ah by electrolysis of xal of hydrofluoride potassium ee fluoride hydrogen. Waayo, in 1906, wuxuu ku guulaystay Nobel Prize. dhib ayaa ka qabashada element this iyo guryaha sun ah ka qayb qaatay fluorine horumar gaabis ah oo duurka ku ah kiimikada ee element this. Ilaa dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka uu ahaa cajiib shaybaar. Markaas, si kastaba ha ahaatee, isticmaalka hexafluoride uranium ee kala ah isotopes uranium, oo ay la socdaan kordhiyo ganacsiga xeryahooda organic ee element ah, taas oo ka dhigaysa kiimiko keenta gargaarka weyn.

baahsanaanta

(Fluorspar, CAF ₂₎ fluorine-ka kooban fluorspar qarniyo loo isticmaalaa sida ka daadanayo (wakiilka daahirintiisa) ah ee geedi socodka qodniinka-. Macdanta dambe cadaato il element ah, kaas oo sidoo kale loo magacaabay Fluor. kiristaalo hufan Biyuhu fluorite hoos Nuur leeyihiin towns a buluug. hantida waxaa loo yaqaan fluorescence.

Fluoro - element in dhacdaa nooca kaliya ee foomka xeryahooda ay, marka laga reebo tiro aad u yar oo element oo lacag la'aan ah fluorspar, radium kashifaad shucaaca. content ee element ee dhulka udubyadiisa ku saabsan tahay 0,065%. The macdanta fluoride aasaasiga ah waa fluorspar, cryolite (Na ₃ Alf _6), fluorapatite (Ca ₅ [PO _{4] 3} [F, cl]), Topaz (Al ₂ SiO ₄ [F, OH] ₂₎ iyo lepidolite.

guryaha jirka iyo kiimikada ee fluorine

Heerkulka qolka, gaaska fluorine waa huruud ah cirro leh ur diiqayo. Neefsasho ay khatar. Marka qaboojinta u noqday dareere jaalle ah. Waxaa jira kaliya hal isotope xasiloon element kiimikada - fluoro-19.

Tamarta ionization koowaad ee halogeen waa mid aad u sarreeya (402 Kcal / mol), taas oo ah dhismaha ah waxbarashada caadiga ah kulaylka F ⁺ 420 Kcal / mol.

size yar ee element ee la eb ka qaadi karta ay qadar weyn agagaarka eb dhexe si ay u sameeyaan hannaanka ah kaxeynayo deggan, tusaale ahaan, hexafluorosilicate (Sif ₆₎ ^2- geksaftoralyuminata iyo (Alf ₆₎ ^3-. Fluoro - element ah in uu leeyahay guryaha oksidheeyeyaal ugu adag. No walax kale oo aan la oxidized anion fluoride, waxaa soo baxday galay element a free, iyo sabab this item ma aha ee gobolka a free ee dabiiciga ah. Tani waxay caan ku fluorine in ka badan 150 sano jir ah looma ogola in ay u hesho hab kasta oo kiimiko. Tani waxa ay ahayd macquul tahay oo kaliya iyadoo la adeegsanayo electrolysis. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in 1986 farmashiyaha American Karl Krayst ayaa sheegay in ku saabsan "kiimikada" ugu horeysay helitaanka fluoride. Wuxuu K ₂ isticmaalo MnF _6, iyo pentafluoride midabyo (SBF _5), kaas oo laga heli karaa xal HF ah.

Fluoro: valence iyo qayilo gobolka

qolof ah barxadda dibadda ku jira halogens electron unpaired. Taasi waa sababta valence ee fluorine in xeryahooda waa loo siman yahay inay ka mid. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, VIIa atamka group element kordhin kartaa tirada electrons in valency ee 7. fluorine ugu badan oo gobolka lagu qayilo ay si siman u -1. Cunsurka ma awoodo inuu ku kordhiyo qolof valence ay, waxa tan iyo offline eb d-orbital. in ay joogaan mahad kale halogeen-free noqon kartaa valence ah ilaa 7.

element awoodda lagu qayilo Sare u ogolaanaya in ay gaaraan gobolka ugu sareeya qayilo xubno kale. Fluoro (valence I) sameysmi karaa xarunta ah, taas oo aan jirin ama halide kasta oo kale, lacag difluoride (AGF _2), trifluoride Cobalt (CoF ₃₎ heptafluoride rhenium (Ref ₇₎ pentafluoride bromine (BRF ₅₎ iyo heptafluoride iodine (HADDII _7).

xiriir

fluorine Formula (F ₂₎ ka kooban yahay laba atamka ee element ah. Waxa uu geli karaan xidhiidh la leh dhamaan qaybaha kale helium oo iyakana marka laga reebo, si ay u sameeyaan fluorides Madbacada qaranka ama covalent. Biraha qaarkood sida nickel, si degdeg ah daboolay lakabka ah ee halogeen, ka hortagga isgaarsiinta dheeraad ah oo leh walxo bir ah. Qaar ka mid ah macdanaha qalalan sida steel khafiif ah, copper, aluminium, ama Monel (nickel 66% iyo 31.5% daawaha copper) ma fal at heerkulka caadiga ah la fluorine. Si la element shaqeeyaan at heerkulka ilaa 600 ° C waa monel ku haboon; alumina Sintered waa mid deggan ilaa 700 ° C.

saliidaha Fluorocarbon waa saliidaha ugu haboon. Cunsurka xoog ku sameynayso qalab organic (tus, caag, alwaax iyo dhar) fluorination si ay gacanta ku xeryahooda organic fluorine aasaaska suuragal ah keliya marka qaadista tallaabooyin taxaddar ah oo gaar ah.

wax soo saarka

Fluorspar waa isha ugu muhiimsan ee fluoride. In wax soo saarka ee fluoride hydrogen (HF) waxaa debeda ka fluorspar budada ah la acid xoog sulfuric in unit hogaanka ama bir tuuray. Intii lagu guda jiray muxaadaro sameeyay calcium sulfate ah (CaSO _4), waa beelaya in HF. fluoride hydrogen The waa la helay ee gobolka filan ammooniya by muxaadaro jajab ee copper ama bir weelasha iyo kaydiyaa dhululubada steel. nijaasta Common ee fluoride hydrogen ganacsi waa sulfurous iyo sulfuric acid iyo acid fluorosilicic (H ₂ Sif _{6) oo} lagu sameeyay ay sabab u tahay jiritaanka silica in fluorspar ah. Fiidda oo qoyaanka waxaa la saari karo by electrolysis isticmaalaya electrodes platina, daaweynta la fluorine aasaaska ama kaydinta of a acids Lewis xoog (Ji _5, halkaas oo M - bir), taas oo sameysmi karaa cusbo ah (H ₃ O) ⁺ (Ji ₆₎ ^-: H ₂ O + SBF ₅ + HF → (H ₃ O) ⁺ (SBF ₆₎ ^-.

fluoride The hydrogen loo isticmaalo diyaarinta kala duwan ee warshadaha xeryahooda fluorine organic iyo imanba, tus, natriyftoridalyuminiya (Na ₃ Alf ₆₎ waxaa u shaqeeya sida elektrolytka ee dikhaw bir aluminium. Xalka of gaaska fluoride hydrogen biyaha ayaa la sheegay in acid hydrofluoric, xaddi weyn oo bir ah kaasoo loo isticmaalo nadiifinta iyo qiraan galaas ama howl gabka carceero ay Iagu.

Diyaarinta gacanta free iyadoo la isticmaalayo nidaamka electrolytic ay ka maqan yihiin biyaha. Sida caadiga ah ay ku jiraan qaab fluoride potassium dhalaali electrolysis of fluoride hydrogen (ee ratio of 2.5-5 1) heerkulka of 30-70, 80-120 ama 250 ° C. Inta lagu guda jiro geeddi-socodka ah ee ku jira fluoride hydrogen in hoos elektrolytka iyo kor u kacda dhibic barafku. Sidaa darteed, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay sii dheer dhacay si joogto ah. In heerkulka sare qolkii elektrolytka waxaa lagu bedelaa marka heerkulka ka badan 300 ° C. Fluorine si ammaan ah lagu kaydin karaa cadaadis in a dhululubada ahama, haddii biiyaha dhululubo xorta ah ee raad walxaha organic.

isticmaalka

Cunsurka waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo soo saaro noocyo kala duwan oo fluoride sida trifluoride chlorine (ClF _3), hexafluoride baaruud (SF ₆₎ ama trifluoride Cobalt (CoF _3). xeryahooda Koloriin iyo Cobalt yihiin wakiilada muhiim fluorinating xeryahooda organic. (Iyada oo tallaabooyin taxaddar ku habboon si toos ah fluorine waxaa loo isticmaali karaa ujeedadaas). hexafluoride baaruud waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida dielectric gas.

fluorine The aasaaska qasi jiray nitrogen inta badan waa ay sameynayso leh Consort si ay u sameeyaan fluorocarbons u dhigma, taas oo qayb ka mid ah ama dhammaan hydrogen la bedelay halogeen. The xeryahooda keentay guud ahaan lagu gartaa xasiloonida sare, inertness kiimikada, iska caabin korontada sare, iyo sidoo kale hantida kale ee qiimo leh jirka iyo kiimikada.

Fluorination sidoo kale waxaa la samayn karaa by daaweyn xeryahooda organic ah trifluoride Cobalt (CoF ₃₎ electrolysis ama xal xaggeeda fluoride hydrogen ammooniya. bacyaal faa'iido badan oo leh guryaha non-ul, sida polytetrafluoroethylene [(CF ₂ CF _{2) x],} ganacsi loo yaqaan dhimatay, ka Consort fluorinated roodhida soo saaray.

xeryahooda Organic kooban chlorine, bromine ama iodine, waxaa fluorinated in ay soo saaraan walxaha sida dichlorodifluoromethane (cl ₂ CF ₂₎ refrigerant, kaas oo si weyn loo isticmaalaa in qaboojiyeyaasha qoyska iyo hawo. Tan iyo chlorofluorocarbons, sida dichlorodifluoromethane, ka ciyaaraan door firfircoon ka yaraadan ee lakabka Allena ka iyo wax soo saarka iyo isticmaalka la adkeeyay, oo hadda refrigerant doorbiday kooban hydrofluorocarbons.

element waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa saara hexafluoride uranium (ee Ismaamulka ₆₎ loo isticmaalaa in geedi socodka sida- gaseous ee kala uranium-235 ka uranium-238 ee soo saaridda shidaalka nuclear. fluoride hydrogen iyo trifluoride boron (BF ₃₎ waxaa soo saaray heer warshadeed, tan iyo markii ay yihiin Xoojiya u wanaagsan reactions alkylation loo isticmaalo si ay u diyaariyaan xeryahooda badan organic. fluoride Sodium waxaa badanaa ku daray in biyo la cabbo oo ku jira si loo yareeyo dhacdooyinka suuska ilkaha ee carruurta. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, codsiga ugu muhiimsan ee fluoride ka heleen ioyo iyo beeraha beeraha. bedelay Selective of fluorine si weyn bedeli sifooyinka nafleyda ee walxaha.

falanqaynta

Way adag tahay in si sax ah loo ogaado xaddiga xeryahooda halogeen ah. fluoride Free, oo waa loo siman yahay si valence ee 1, waxaa lagu ogaan karaa by qayilo of mercury Hg + F ₂ → HgF _2, iyo qiyaaso korodhka miisaanka of mercury iyo isbedelka mugga gaaska ah. Imtixaanka tayada ugu weyn ee jiritaanka udhigo ee element waa:

• doorashada ee fluoride hydrogen hoos tallaabada of sulfuric acid,
• formation of dadajin a of fluoride calcium by daray xal chloride calcium,
• xal huruud tetraoxide midab of titanium (TiO ₄₎ iyo hydrogenperoxid ah ee sulfuric acid.

Hababka falanqaynta taranta:

• roobab of fluoride calcium in joogitaanka carbonate sodium iyo daaweynta daaalo isticmaalaya acetic acid,
• dhigaalka chlorofluoride hogaanka ay ku daray chloride sodium iyo amooniyam hogaanka,
• titration (go'aaminta midda walax kala diri) xal of amooniyam thorium (Th [NO _{3] 4)} iyadoo la isticmaalayo sodium alizarinsulfonate sida tilmaame: Th (NO _{3) 4} + 4KF ↔ ThF ₄ + _{3 4KNO.}

fluorine Covalently addoonsi (valence I), sida fluorocarbons si ay u falanqeeyaan ka adag. Tani waxay u baahan xiriir la sodium macdan ah, raaceen by falanqaynta F ah ^- udhigo sida kor lagu sharaxay.

guryaha element

Ugu dambayntii waxaan ku soo bandhigaynaa qaar ka mid ah guryaha fluorine:

• Tirada Atoomikada: 9.
• miisaanka Atoomikada: 18,9984.
• valency fluorine macquulka ah: 1.
• barta barafku: -219,62 ° C.
• dhibic karaya: -188 ° C.
• Mugga (1 ATM, 0 ° C): 1.696 g / l.
• formula fluorine Electronic: 1s 2s ^{2 2 5} _2p.