Eugenics: in uu yahay, qeexidda dhibaatooyinka iyo gool ee sayniska

Dhamaadka bilowgii XlX sayniska qarnigii XX ayaa kordhaya. wareegga ah ee "The Origin of Species," Darwin dib ugu soo qoray ee 1859, iibiyay in arrin maalmood, iyo dood ku saabsan horumar ka mid ah siyaabaha iyo fursadaha in ay saamayn ku ma aysan joojin in mudo ah. Waayo, tobanaan, culumadu culus bartay hab evolutionary, waxaa jira meelo badan ee biology, qaar ka mid ah kuwaas oo bixiya saamayn firfircoon on koorsada ah ee horumar aadanaha.

Eugenics - waa maxay?

Intii ay taariikhda, Dadka ayaa loo isticmaalaa doorashada si loo hagaajiyo wax-soosaarkooda beeraha iyo wax soo saarka xoolaha. Sayidka, taariikhda eugenics xidido ku leeyahay ay doonayaan, aad aadanaha si aan u weyneyno waxqabadka aan xoolaha oo keliya, laakiin sidoo kale noocyada iyaga u gaar ah.

anshaxa A ka go'an in ay anshaxa sayniska qarnigii XlX ma jirin, si doorka goolhayaha ugu weyn oo hortaagan in ay horumarinta noocyada aadanaha wareegay kaniisada, kaas oo si firfircoon u dhaleeceeyey isku day kasta in ay soo fara in heshiis abuurniinta rabaani ah.

Sayidka, fikrad eugenics waa in xulashada bar horumar ah ee noocyada aadanaha, jimicsi gacanta dhalmada iyo ururka guurka.

The caan iyo sumcad sugina

In ka sano ee ugu horeysay ee qarnigii XX ah u noqday sidaas oo caan ah in dalalka qaar ka mid ah bilaabay si ay u muujiyaan on hirgelinta dhabta ah ee raashin ay ugu weyn. Sidaas qabtay ururka of science Jarmalka Nazi iyo eugenics. Waxaa hoos taliskii Nazi ayaa helay faafinta ugu naxdinta tallaabooyin sida tijaabo jeermiska qasbay on aadanaha iyo burburinta kooxaha oo dhan ay aqoonsato dowladda aan loo baahnayn.

Laakiin sharciyada eugenics ayaa codsatay meel ka durugsan Germany Nazi ah. Tusaale ahaan, dalka Mareykanka ee dalalka qaar ka mid ah in dadka saboolka ah iyo dadka IQ hooseeyo waxa aan bixiya abaal marin marinka ee jeermiska iskaa wax u qabso. Waxaa loo maleeyey in dadka oo leh sifooyin aan loo baahnayn dhaawici karaan pool hiddo xaqiiqada ah mid aad u qabo carruurta.

First of dhan, eugenics - saynis ah in daraasad xulashada macmal ah, shayga ugu muhiimsan ee taas waa qof. Waxaa jira laba siyaabood oo lagu maamulo doorashada this: waxa loogu yeero eugenics wanaagsan diiradda lagu dhiiri-guurka keeni in carruur baa u dhalatay leh oo caan ah, genetics xun ku salaysan yahay ka saarida ee ilmaha dhashay cilado koritaanka ama sifooyin aan loo baahnayn bulshada. Iyadoo horumarinta farsamooyinka caafimaadka ee Arsenal ogaanshaha of eugenics ahaayeen hababka noocan ah ee ka hortagga uurka, sida imtixaanada hidaha iyo Baadhista ultrasound.

laabtay eugenics

Waa maxay mabaadiida eugenic, waxaa si cad u hadii aynu eegno dhibaatada in dib loo eego. marka hore waa in la fahmo qiimaha ereyga laftiisa. Tarjumay erayga Giriigga ah si qallafsan tarjumayaa "wanaag ku dhashay." Sayidka ayaa ku dhashay cilmiga eugenics. Waa maxay xulashada macmal ah, waxaa u cadaatay in 1883kii, markii saynisyahan a F. Galton daabacay shuqulkiisa asaasiga ah "Daraasadda ku saabsan kartida aadanaha iyo horumarinta."

Ugu weyn ee eugenicists taageero-saynisyahano jiray fikirka ah ee go'aan hidaha. Nuxurka of waxbarista Galton ahaa si loo hubiyo in midkoodna waxbarashada waxbarasho toona aan si qoto dheer saamayn caadada dhaqanka, laakiin kaalinta ugu horeeysa waa hiddo in ay go'aamiso ay ka mid yihiin dhaqanka bulshada.

Iyada oo daabacaadan ee ah waxa kitaabkan, israac ee triumphal of eugenics by jaamacadaha ee Europe. sayniska New kasbatay meel deegaan tacliimeed.

Eugenics sida sayniska. asaaska

In 1907, Britain waxaa la abuuray Galton Society, taas oo uu yeesho qodobada sayniska cusub iyo search for qalabka si ay u dalban ee dhaqanka. In Maraykanka, bulshada la mid ah soo galay 1921 waxaana loo magacaabay Eugenics American Society.

Taariikhda eugenics waxaa kala saari Karin xidhiidh la fikirka ah bulshada Darwinism, kaas oo ku salaysan xaqiiqada ah in kaliya fasallada qaarkood iyo fasalka, iyo sidoo kale dadka qaba sifooyin anthropological qaarkood inay istaahilaan inay sii wadaan qoyska.

anshaxa Eugenics ku saleysan xaqiiqda ah in dadka aan u dhalan siman, oo kaliya ugu istaahila waxay xaq u leeyihiin in la xakameeyo koorsada of horumar aadanaha, fara-habka taranka. Sayidka, eugenics - saynis ah in daraasad doorashada aadanaha.

saffarro dhaleeceyn

In kasta oo ay bishii Maarso ee guul of science cusub ee jaamacadaha iyo xafiisyada dawladda, oo dhan ma waxgaradka hayo hababka ay. Koox A weyin ee dhaqanka eugenic ahaayeen qoraa Chesterton, sociologist American Lester Ward, iyo sidoo kale bayoolajiga Fisher iyo JBS Haldane, kaas oo shaki in jeermiska ee "defectives" keeni karta in eynu ee dadyowga bini'aadanka ah sifooyin la rabin muujiyay.

The ugu badan oo awood leh xerada soo horjeeda joogto ah jeermiska qasabka ah iyo xulashada macmal ah ka koobnaa wakiillo ka socda ururada diinta. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in bilowga, qaar ka mid ah hoggaamiyeyaasha diinta iyo faa'iidadeediiba sayniska cusub ka dib 1930, taageerada dhamaaday. Tan iyo sharciyada ka dhanka ah isticmaalka eugenic hadlay Pope Pius XL, kaas oo si cad u sheegay in maamulka cilmaani ah waxay xaq u leeyihiin ma u Wakiil ah meydadkii maadooyinka ay.

Naasinimada iyo hoos heerka cilmi

Dhibaatooyinka sumcad ku eugenics sida sayniska bilaabay in 1930, markii Ernst Nazi geneticist ku Rudin qaaday in ay u isticmaalaan si ay qiil ugu dambiyada ee Reich Saddexaad. By waqtiga ay ahayd mar hore cad oo ku saabsan doorashada shuqullada sida dabiiciga ah, iyo eugenics. Waa maxay daawada Nazi noqon doonaa mid cad yar ka dib, laakiin xidhiidhkani uu yahay mid Isguursadaan burburisay sumcadda of science eugenic.

Xagga dhamaadka dagaalkii labaad ee dunida eugenics sumcad waxaa si joogto ah waxyeelo. sawir cajiib ah oo horumar ah ee ra'yigaaga ku saabsan hababka doorashada macmal ah waa sheekada by HG Wells, taageere joogto ah jeermiska qasabka ah jeestay soddon sannadood dagaalka ah weyin xuquuqda aadanaha. Gaar ahaan, wuxuu sheegay in mid ka mid ma wuxuu xaq u leeyahay gab qof, iyadoo aan loo eegayn siday u adag tahay waxaa laga yaabaa in cudur, laakiin, on lid ku ah, bulshada waa in is ogow waxa of. Laakiin, inkastoo mucaaradka ah ee qaar ka mid ah dadweynaha Iswiidhan, tusaale ahaan, ku qasbay castration "haleysan yahay" ayaa lagu fuliyay ilaa 1976.

nooleenta ee xiisaha

Ka dib soo-gaadhista oo ka mid ah dambiyada ee Nazi Germany u waxyoonay by cilmi eugenic, sumcad sayniska jiray, waxaa u muuqday gebi ahaanba la kharribay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib markii xiisaha lagay dheer in tijaabo uu ku soo laabtay iyo cilmi-baarista afka baarkiisa on hiddawadayaasha ee cusub ee soo noolaaday, laakiin a genetics mudan.

qalcad A oo ka mid ah eugenics kacaanka cusub ahaayeen Maraykanka, halkaas oo ay jiraan tiro ku filan oo xarumaha cilmi-teknoolojiyad sare ku lug injineernimada hidde, cloning iyo baaritaanada hooyada, kuwaas oo degan meel gaar ah oo duurka this sayniska. Sidaas fikradda ah eugenics sii injineerinka hidaha.

In 2003, Tania Simoncelli, kuwaas oo soo shaqeeyay agaasimaha Kaaliyaha waqtiga Criminology ee Dowladda Maraykanka, ayaa sheegay in prenatatsionnaya cudurka hidde furmay marxalad cusub oo eugenics, taas oo, ka duwan Nazi ah, waa in aan kuugu adeego sidii fikirka ah misanthropic, iyo in ay ka jawaabaan baahida ka mid ah dadka caadiga ah.

layliyo baxnaaninta

nin cilmiga nafleyda barta evolutionary British Richard Dawkins ayaa sheegay in article wargeyska sanadkii 2006 in eugenics - sayniska ee mustaqbalka. Waxa uu sidoo kale sheegay in ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in sayniska loo isticmaalo in ay ka faa'iidaystaan madaxda Nazi, dhalo hooska in hortagi muddo tobannaan sano la sameeyo cilmi baaris Ujeedada in meesha this.

cilmibaadhaha ayaa intaa ku daray in, in uu ra'yi, habkan ka duwan in yar oo ka afgembi beeraha. Dabcan, in uu cilmiga xaq hab eugenic ku salaysan tahay xaqiiqada ah in tan iyo wakhtigii Reich Saddexaad, anshaxa ee sayniska uusan weli taagan oo noqon in ay ka jawaabaan su'aalo badan oo adag oo ka caawin xal xaaladaha maqlana heli awoodaan.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee Dawkins hab si weyn u kala duwan ka horreeyay ay. Wuxuu ma aha oo kaliya waxay bixisaa in ay saameyn ku natiijada ee uurka, iyo si ay u galaan doorashada macmal ah, dad badan oo ku adkeystay in eugenics caawin doona qofka in dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan naftiisa ku bartaan. Tusaale ahaan, ka dib markii waalidiinta baaritaanka hidde aan waqti on ilmaha music waxbarashada ku qaadan doonaan haddii baaritaan ku aadan tusin awoodda ku haboon. Waxaa la filayaa in baaritaanada kuwaas oo kaa caawin doontaa in la hagaajiyo guulaha ee isboortiga, haddii dadka waa ay ka warqabaan awoodooda iyo meelaha. Sida laga soo xigtay Dawkins, xalka dhibaatooyin badan oo dunida casriga ah waxay noqon kartaa genetics iyo eugenics.

Waa maxay takoorid, waxay bixisaa in la xasuusto Guddiga Caalamiga Bioethics, kuwaas oo xubno ka tirsan waxay aaminsan yihiin in hab noocan ah albaabka takoor iyo faquuqid furmay, Oo uu soo tuuro shaki on fikradda ah sinnaanta aadanaha universal.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in eugenics casriga iska ilaalisaa in lala barbardhigo dhaqanka ee qarnigii labaatanaad, oo isticmaalaya ereyada "genetics taranka" iyo "doorashada Germinal", dhab ahaantii, waxbarashada oo dhammu waa qayb ka mid ah taranta aadanaha.

Mid ka mid ah hababka caafimaad ee ugu badan ee maanta - baaritaanka dhalmada - sidoo kale la oran karo waa sida nooc ka mid ah hirgelinta hab eugenic. Laga soo bilaabo barta caafimaadka of view, baaritaanka noocan oo kale ah ayaa ka hortagi kara dhalashada ilmaha qaba cilladaha hiddo-daran iyo cudurrada la iska dhaxlo.

eugenics Modern: Dhibaatooyinka Performance

Waayo, markii ugu horeysay oo ku saabsan dhibaatooyinka la hirgelinta hababka baaritaanka hidde eugenicists sheegay in 1915 Thomas Hunt Morgan, kuwaas oo la rumaysan yahay in dabeecadda qofka aan la gudbin karaa, wuxuu dhaxlay, sida qaarkood in dalalkaasi si dembiyada iyo rabshadaha la isugu gudbin karaa waalidka carruurtiisa, iyo tilmaamay, dhaxal in dhacdaa by bulshada iyada oo loo marayo tababarka halkii dhex hiddo.

Intaa waxaa dheer, wuxuu xusay natiijada indhaynta duqsi in muujisay in waxyaabaha ugu xun - sida Labada ciyaaryahan dheeraad ah indhaha iyo addinba ah - muuqan umado ma aha oo kaliya iyada oo sababtu tahay dhaxal, laakiin sidoo kale sida natiijo ah oo Isbedelo midhaha.

Maanta, si kastaba ha ahaatee, eugenics sayniska ku tiirsan technology wanaagsan. Tusaale ahaan, baaritaano in lammaanaha hor uuraysanayna ilmo tago go'aan ka gaari kara haddii khatarta ah inaad dhasho cunug qaba cilladaha hiddo ka jira iyo, sidaas awgeed, in ay dhalaan kiiska noocan oo kale ah. Laakiin sidoo kale ku saabsan imtixaanka farsmada heerka sare ah ma la odhan karaa in ay siinaysaa ilaalinta buuxda ka baadi: waxaa jira kiisas lamaane go'aansaday in weli uuraystaan ilmo inkastoo natiijo xun imtixaanka, waxay dhashay carruurta caafimaad.

Loss of kala duwanaanshaha hidde

In genetics iyo khubaro biology evolutionary waxaa qaylodhaan ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in overreliance on siyaasadda ee doorashada waxay keeni kartaa nabaad ee dadyowga bini'aadanka ah, sida dadka yaraadeen ku nool degaanada aad u yar ama jasiiradaha.

Edward Miller ayaa sheegay in jiilka kasta waa in la siiyo fursad ay ku soo biiriya yar oo nooca evolutionary horumarka iyo tilmaamay, in xataa ifafaale ah waxaa laga yaabaa in muuqdaan na taban, ugu dambeyntii waa muhiimad weyn u tahay horumarka noolaha.

Mucaaradka oo si Eugenics

soo horjeeda Inta badan eugenics ku tilmaamay in aan loo eegayn sida wanaagsan ujeedooyinka cilmi, ugu danbeyn waxan oo dhan waxay keeni doontaa in falalka lid ku ah anshaxa. falalka noocan oo kale ah soo horjeeda ee eugenics ka mid ah jeermiska, takoorka hidde, faquuqid iyo suurto gal xasuuqa lagu qasbay.

In uu warqad ku taalba on horumar ah ee Lori Endryus doodaysaa in xadgudub ah waxaa macquul ah in ay soo fara in koorsada ee horumar keeni doontaa in soo bixitaanka of posthuman waxa loogu yeero, kaas oo noqon kara ka go'an casriga ah la saadaalin karin ee tayada kala duwan. Intaa waxaa dheer, ayuu ku talinaysaa in aan la faragelin hababka aasaasiga ah sida gabowga iyo nolosha Filashada, taas oo uu xiiseynayo kaliya ee eugenics.

Waa maxay nolosha aadanaha? Waa maxay macnaha iyo in qofku yeelan karo doorka abuuraha? arrimahan ayaa lagu wadaa bioethicists badan. Jawaab la joogo, waxaa jira dad badan, laakiin waxa ay u muuqdaan in aanay noqon qanci karo, oo taasi ka dhigan tahay in ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka anshaxa la dagaalanka doonaa in ka badan hal Qarni ee bayoolajiga, ethicists, faylosuufiinta iyo fiqiga. dhibaatada Eugenics istaahila iyaga ka mid ah ay ka bixisay dareenka ugu.