Halabuurka The ka mid noqon kara shucaaca ... Halabuurka The iyo sifooyinka of radiations radioactive

shucaaca nukliyeerka - mid ka mid ah kuwa ugu khatarta badan. saamaynta ay tahay aan la saadaalin karin qofka. Maxaa loola jeedaa fikradda guud ee shucaaca? Maxaa loola jeedaa shucaaca "weyn" ama "yar"? Taas oo qayb ka yihiin qayb ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee shucaaca nuclear?

Waa maxay shucaaca?

Halabuurka ee shucaaca waxaa ka mid ah waxaa laga yaabaa in qayb ka kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan saddexda nooc ee shucaaca ka tirsan category la mid ah - ay u yeedheen waxaa ionizing. Waa maxay macnaha ereygan? tamarta shucaaca waa cajiib sare - aad u badan si marka shucaaca gaaro eb gaar ah, waxa ay garaacana baxay electron ah ka falagiisuu. Markaasaa la eb, taas oo uu noqday shucaaca bartilmaameedka ah waxaa loo baddalaa ra'iyi ah kaas oo si wanaagsan lagu soo eedeeyay. Taasi waa sababta shucaaca qaaradda yeedhay ionizing, wax kasta oo ay iska leeyihiin nooc kasta. shucaaca ionizing waxqabadka sare ka duwan noocyada kale, sida microwave ama infrared.

Sidee loo ionized?

In la fahmo waxa qayb ka mid ah shucaaca waxaa laga yaabaa, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la tixgeliyo si faahfaahsan habka of ionization. Waxa soo baxa sida soo socota. Atamka la sii kordhaya looks u eg tahay wax yar calaamada (xuduntii qaaradda) hareereysan ee Galaatiya of electrons ay sida qolof ah xumbo. Marka suuska radioactive dhacdaa, yaruna u qaadataa ka saxarka this yar - Alpha ama qayb ka beta. Marka warshadu hawada ku of Qurub amray, oo ku beddelo amarka xuduntii, oo taasi ka dhigan tahay in walax kiimiko cusub waxaa la aasaasay.

The Qurub in ay kor u dhaqanto shucaaca sida soo socota. Waxa la soo saaray ka hadhuudhka core guuxa la xawaaraha weyn ka hor. On ay hab weey burburi karaan galay qolof ah la eb kale, waxa kaliya oo garaacayaa electron ah ka bixin. Sida hore u soo sheegnay, sida la eb markeeda ra'iyi eedeeyay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii ay taasi ku, walaxda weli la mid ah sida tirada protons in xuduntii badelin.

Features of habka suuska radioactive

Aqoonta hawlgaladaa waxay fursad si ay u qiimeeyaan baaxadda uu suuska ka daran shucaaca. Qiimaha Tani waxaa lagu cabiraa becquerels. Tusaale ahaan, haddii mid ka mid labaad jirto suuska ah, waxay dhaheen "Waxqabadka of isotope - 1 becquerel." Marka meel cutubkan adigoo isticmaalaya qaybta loo yaqaan Curie ah. Waxa ay ahayd loo siman yahay 37 bilyan oo becquerels. Sayidka waxaa lagama maarmaan ah inay is barbar dhigaan waxqabad ee lacagta la mid ah oo ah walaxda. Activity mass unit gaarka ah ee isotope waxaa lagu magacaabaa hawlaha gaarka ah. Qiimaha Tani waa dhigmayn in ay ku bar-nolosha ee isotope gaar ah.

Soocista ee radiations shucaaca. ilo ay

shucaaca Ionizing dhici kara ma aha oo kaliya in ay dhacdo suuska shucaaca. Ku darso sida il for shucaaca radioactive kartaa: reaction fission (socday qarax ama gudaha warshadan nuclear), ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee wax-u nuclei iftiinka (dhacdaa dushiisa qoraxda, xiddiga kale, iyo in bam hydrogen a), iyo kala duwan Sheelare walxaha. Oo intaas oo dhammu ilaha shucaaca ka mid ah wax ka wadaagaan - heerka tamarta awood badan.

Taas oo qayb ka yihiin qayb ka mid ah Alfa nooca shucaaca?

faraqa u dhexeeya saddexda nooc ee shucaac ionizing - Alfa, beta iyo gamma - waa in ay dabiicadda. Marka radiations ka mid ah ayaa laga helay, ninna fikrad kasta oo ay matali karaan. Sidaa darteed, waxay si fudud loo yaqaan xarfaha Giriigga.

Sida ay magaca uu tusinayaa, Alfa-rays oo markii ugu horraysay laga helay. Waxay ka mid ahaayeen shucaaca ka suuska ee isotopes culus sida uranium ama thorium. Ay dabiicadda la goostay muddo. Seynisyahanno ku ogaaday in shucaaca Alfa waa halkii culus. In hawada, ma adkaan karaa xitaa dhowr sentimitir. Waxa la ogaaday in qayb ka mid ah shucaaca geli karaan xuduntii of atamka helium. Waa la xiriira in ay shucaac Alfa.

isha ugu wayn ee isotopes shucaaca. In si kale loo dhigo, waa "qaybood" togan eedeeyay laba protons iyo tiro la mid ah neutrons. Xaaladdan oo kale, waxaannu nidhaahnaa, oo sideeda oo ka mid ah shucaac-Qurub ama qayb ka Alfa. Laba protons iyo laba neutrons sameeyaan sifo xuduntii helium, Alfa-shucaac ah. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee Dadka reaction sida heli kartaa Rutherford, ku hawlan diinta nuclei oxygen nitrogen in yaruna.

shucaaca Beta, helay ka dib, laakiin ma halis yar

Markaasaa waxaa u soo baxay in ay ka kooban ee shucaaca waxaa ka mid ah waxaa laga yaabaa oo keliya ma aha xuduntii of helium, laakiin electrons kaliya ee caadiga ah. Tani waa run, waayo, shucaaca beta - waxay ka kooban tahay electrons. Laakiin xawaare aad uga weyn yahay heerka shucaaca Alfa. Noocan ah shucaaca oo dacwad ka hoosaysiisay shucaaca Alfa. Laga soo qayb beta eb waalidka "dhaxli" lacag kala duwan iyo xawaaraha kala duwan.

Waxaa laga yaabaa in ay gaaraan 100 oo kun. Km / sec ilaa xawaaraha iftiinka. Laakiin dibadda shucaaca beta kala fidin karin in ay dhowr mitir. Cabaar awoodooda waa mid aad u yar. Beta-rays ka gudbi karin warqada, maro, sheet khafiif ah oo bir ah. Waxay dhex gelin oo kaliya galay arrintan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, soo-gaadhista galmo keeni kara in ay maqaarka ama indhaha gubasho, sida uu yahay kiiska la Ultraviolet rays.

Si xun u eedeeyay qayb ka beta waxaa la yiraahdaa electrons oo wanaagsan oo lagu eedeeyay waxaa lagu magacaabaa positrons. Tiro badan oo shucaac beta waa mid aad u khatar ah si aadanuhu iyo waxay keeni karaan jirrada shucaaca. Wax badan ayaa halis noqon kartaa qofku cuno ee radionuclides.

rays gamma: Halabuurka iyo hantida

Waxyaabaha soo socda ayaa la helay shucaaca gamma. Xaaladdan oo kale, waxaa soo baxay in qayb ka mid ah shucaaca waxaa ka mid ah waxaa laga yaabaa in photons ee Milanello gaar ah. Gamma shucaaca sida ultraviolet, hirarka radio infrared. In si kale loo dhigo, waxa ay ka dhigan tahay shucaaca electromagnetic, laakiin tamarta ee photons soo socda waxa ku jira waa mid aad u sarreeya.

Noocan ah shucaaca waa awooda aad u sarayso in ay dhex gasho iyada oo xanibaado kasta. denser The taagan jidka ionizing wax shucaaca, si fiican u qaban karto rays gamma khatar ah. Waayo, xilkaan, inta badan loo doortay hogaanka ama la taaban karo. In shucaaca gamma dibadda si fudud u gudbin kartaa iyada oo boqolaal iyo kumanaan kilomitir. Haddii ay saamaysaa qof, waxay waxyeello u keenaa maqaarka iyo xubnaha gudaha. On the guryaha ee shucaaca gamma la X-ray barbar dhigi karaa. Laakiin waxay ku kala duwan ay ka soo jeedo. Ka dib markii X-rays yihiin oo kaliya in xaaladaha aan dabiici ahayn.

Waa maxay shucaaca ugu khatarsan?

Qaar badan oo ka mid ah kuwii ay horay u barteen rays qaar ka mid ah ay qayb ka yihiin shucaaca, waxaan ku qanacsanahay ee khatarta rays gamma. Ka dib oo dhan, ay si fudud looga gudbi karo kiiloomitir badan, oo burburiyey nolosha iyo keenaya bukaanka shucaaca laga cabsado. Waa si ay u difaacaan rays gamma, tigoodu nuclear wareegsan derbiyada la taaban karo u weyn. gogo 'yar oo isotopes waxaa had iyo jeer la geeyaa haamaha ee hogaanka u dhigay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halis ugu weyn ee ay aadanuhu waa qiyaasta.

Qiyaasta - taasi waa qadarka in waxaa caadi ahaan loo xisaabiyaa tixgelinayo miisaanka jidhka bini'aadamka. Tusaale ahaan, waayo dose hal bukaan daawo u dhowaan doonnaa 2 mg. Wixii kale, qiyaas la mid ah waxay yeelan karaan saamayn xun. Mayna iyo qiyaasta ee shucaaca. Its khatar la go'aamiyo dose nuugo. Si aad u qeexo, marka hore loo cabbiro xaddiga shucaaca oo uu soo jidhku u nuugo. Oo markaas lambarkan waa la miisaanka jidhka marka la barbar dhigo.

dose shucaac - bixiyc khataraha ay

Noocyada kala duwan ee shucaaca yeelan karaan noolaha nool waxyeello kala duwan. Sidaa darteed waa wax aan macquul aheyn in la isku qaldo awoodda cabaar ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee shucaaca iyo saamaynta ay waxyeello. Tusaale ahaan, marka uu qofku qabo ee ma suuroowdaa jid difaaco shucaaca, shucaaca Alfa waa rays gamma khatar badan. Sababta oo ah waxa uu ka kooban yahay nuclei hydrogen culus. nooca A sida shucaaca Alfa iyo khatar soo bandhigeen oo keliya marka kaalinta jirka gudihiisa. Markaas waxaa jira soo-gaadhista gudaha.

Sayidka, qayb ka mid ah shucaaca waxaa ka mid ah saddex nooc oo qayb ka, waa xuduntii helium ah, electrons caadiga ah iyo photons ee Milanello gaar ah. Khatarta ugu nooc gaar ah ee shucaaca waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa ay dose. asalka ah ee rays, kuwaas oo macno ah ma. Waayo shaqeeyo nool gabi ahaanba waxba kuma kala duwana, halkaas oo rifay shucaaca: ha ahaato mashiinka x-ray, The Sun, warshadda nukliyeerka, HBS shucaac ama qarax. The wax ugu muhiimsan - sida Qurub badan oo khatar ah ayaa la nuugo.

Halkee ma shucaaca nuclear?

Oo ay la socdaan shucaaca asalka dabiiciga ah, ilbaxnimada aadanaha waxaa lagu qasbay in ay ka mid badan oo ilo khatar ah kiimikaysan laga sameeyey ionizing shucaaca ka jira. Inta badan waa natiijada shil daran. Tusaale ahaan, musiibo at warshadda nukliyeerka "Fukushima-1" ee September 2013 keentay in dillaac ah oo biyo ah shucaac. Sidaas darteed, content ee strontium iyo cesium isotopes ee deegaanka ayaa si weyn u koray.