Genotype iyo phenotype sida cilmiga dabiiciga ah, iyo bulshada qaybaha

Maanta labadan fikradaha ayaa si ballaaran ku faafay qaybaha kala duwan ee aqoonta, inkasta oo markii hore ay u isticmaalaan si gaar ah laga codsadaa in ay beerta bayoolaji. Qeexidda "genotype aadanaha" marka hore u muuqday in si shaqada Johanson mahad kacaanka sayniska, marka in 1909 uu u isticmaalay si uu u tilmaamo adag oo ka mid ah sifooyinka dhaxlo ee u shaqeeyo ah. Category "genotype" waa kala duwan ee content ka fikradaha ah hiddo iyo pool hiddo, tan iyo markii ay calaamad u soo xareeyo noolaha gaar ah, iyo hiddo iyo pool hiddo of sifooyinka hiddo-ka tarjumaya noocyada noolaha.

Fikradaha of genotype iyo phenotype sidoo kale way kala duwan yihiin. Haddii genotype ee qeexaya sifooyinka ay dhaxlay u gaar ah, kuwaas oo ku waani inay jirka unit waa ay ku tiirsanaanta arrimo kale oo kaliya, phenotype ka tarjumayaa guryaha in ay ka kooban yihiin tallaabada deegaanka, dhexdhexaadinta isbedelada hidda.

In qaabka ugu guud, genotype sida nidaam guud ka duwan phenotype ee xuduudaha soo socda:

- waxay leeyihiin ilo kala duwan oo macluumaad hidde (genotype ee DNA this ee phenotype ka go'an yihiin macluumaad laga heley waxbarasho dibadda ah ee u shaqeeyo);

- natiijo ahaan, mid ka mid ah oo genotype isla laga yaabaa in ay soo bandhigaan sida qayb ka mid ah phenotypes kala duwan.

Intaas waxaa sii dheer, genotype dheer (sida ugub ah noolaha) waxaa loo arkaa macnaha ballaadhan oo cidhiidhi ah. In dareenka cidhiidhi ah, tani waa, sida hore u soo sheegnay, isku-dar ah u gaar ah ee hiddo, iyo in ballaadhkeeduna yahay - set oo dhan sifooyin kala dhaxlo in dhab ahaan ay hidde. Dareenkan, genotype ee lagu muujiyey isku jira gaarka ah ee nooc hidaha sare shaqsi (genomes) sifooyinka waalidka ka helay.

Sayidka, a ka mid ah farqiga more: genotype iyo phenotype waxaa kala duwanaayeen xaqiiqada ah in phenotype ku sarkhaansan yihiin arrimo dibadeed laga yaabaa meertada nolosha isbedel, halka genotype ee waqtiga oo dhan waxba iska bedeli doonin.

Sidaa darteed, si loo go'aamiyo genotype lagu soo dhawaaday karaa in si ka duwan, halkaas oo waxaa lagu qeexaa sida:

- jireenka ah oo kaliya in qofka isku-dar ah sifooyinka genomic;

- lammaane oo xuduudaheedu gaar alleles (mid ka mid ah laba nooc oo kala duwan oo ka hormariyaan hiddo a) ku jira hiddawadayaasha gaar ah.

Phenotype fadhiya by xuduudaheedu physico-kiimiko ah u shaqeeyo, taas oo qeexaya ma aha oo kaliya shaqsi noolaha iyo lagmamaarmaanna laakiin sidoo kale habdhaqanka. Eraygan, sida genotype ah, waxaa loo isticmaalaa in labo nooc oo daaweyn. In dareen ballaadhan, phenotype ee u shaqeeyo ka tarjumaysaa Aayaadka shaqsi. In phenotype a dareen dheeraad ah dhuuban waxaa loo tixgeliyaa sida Faraj ee kala noocyo ka mid ah noolaha, tus, shakhsiyaad leeyihiin phenotype sare undersized - kale.

In qarnigii 19-ka, inta lagu guda jiro formation of cilmiga sayniska ah, mid ka mid ah fikradaha tixgelinta ugu caansan ee bulshada, waxay ahayd cilmiga organicism ee Herbert Spencer, nuxurka kuwaas oo in qaabka ugu guud ahaa si loo hubiyo in Spencer isku dayay in uu la damacsan bulshada la mid ah jirka aadanaha sii kordhaya. Kaladuwan ee soobschnostey aadanaha hubiyaa in this caqiido astaamo u gaar ah quruun kasta, ay dhaqanka, maskax, qoreysa Jidka taariikhiga ah, noocyada dega fikirka bulshada iyo dhaqanka, iyo kuwo kale oo badan.

Tani waxay ugu danbeyn keentay in xaqiiqda ah in fikradaha ah genotype iyo phenotype u kobcay iyo waxbarista bulshada. muuqashadii ugu fudud ee fasiraadda tani waa doorashada ee loogu yeero noocyo bari iyo galbeed bulshada halkaas oo xuduudaheedu go'aaminta iyaga kala taag sifooyinka si xaq ah bulshada, maskaxda. dhaqanka Maskaxda iyo bulshada, Jidka taariikhiga ah ee horumarinta, Diinta iyo kuwo kale. Isticmaalka qaybaha genotype iyo phenotype arimaha bulshada, ayaa ka dhigtay in ay suurto gal ah si ay u isticmaalaan si ay tixraac shuruuda nooca BULSHEEDKA waxbarasho dadyowga, jinsiyadaha, qaar ka mid ah kooxaha bulshada ee inta badan waaweyn iyo bulshada.