Dzheyms Chedvik: Biography, photos, furitaanka

Sir Dzheyms Chedvik (Photo qaaday in maqaalka) - jirka Ingiriisi iyo Nobel, kuwaas oo caan ka dib markii helitaanka neutron ah. Waxaa aasaas bedeshay physics ee wakhtigaas oo loo ogol yahay saynisyahano in la abuuro waxyaabaha cusub, laakiin sidoo kale keentay in helitaanka fission nuclear iyo isticmaalka ciidamada iyo nabadgelyo. Chadwick ka mid ah koox ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta British, kuwaas oo intii lagu jiray dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka Maraykanka ka caawiyay horumarinta qaraxa qaaradda ahaa.

Dzheyms Chedvik: Biography gaaban

Chadwick ku dhashay Bollingtone, Cheshire, England, October 20, 1891, oo ahaa ina Dzhona Dzhozefa iyo Anne Meri Noulz. Wuxuu bartay ee dugsiyada sare ee dadweynaha degaanka hoose iyo Manchester. lix iyo toban ka helay deeq waxbarasho ee jaamacadda Manchester. James doonayay in ay ka barato maaddooyinka xisaabta, laakiin si qalad ah ka qeyb galay muxaadarooyin hordhaca on physics iyo dhigta qaaska this. Marka hore, oo wuxuu lahaa oo muujisay go'aankiisa, laakiin ka dib markii sannaddii kowaad oo waxbarasho, wuxuu helay koorsada u xiiso badan. Chadwick waxaa ku qoran fasalka ee Ernest Rutherford, halkaas oo uu ka bartay korontada iyo magnetism, iyo mashruuca cilmi baarista James bare ka dib loo magacaabay on radium ah walxo shucaac ah.

waxbarashada hore

Dzheyms Chedvik qalin ee 1911 iyo sii waday in ay la Rutherford shaqeyso nuugista ee shucaaca gamma leh shahaadada Masterka ee 1913. Supervisor qeyb ka qasdigiisa deeqaha cilmi, kaas oo aad loogu diyaariyey shuqul yeedhay meelo kale. Waxa uu go'aansaday in uu barto in Berlin la Hans Geiger, kuwaas oo soo booqday Manchester waqti James helay shahaadada Masterka ee. Muddadan, Chadwick aasaasay jiritaanka spectrum joogto ah ee shucaaca beta in niyad cilmi iyo keentay in helitaanka neutrino ah.

Joogtid kaamka

Wax yar ka hor dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka, markii tallaabooyinka military ahaayeen lama huraan, Geiger Chadwick ka digay in uu si England sida ugu dhakhsaha badan ku soo laabtay. James ahaa shirkadda talooyin safarka jahwareer iyo iska joogay ilaa iyo dhamaadka dagaalka ka dhacay xerada a POW Jarmal. In shantii sano ee uu xabsi Chadwick ahaa awoodaan in ay la xaajooto ilaalada iyo qaban fluorescence cilmi aasaasiga ah.

Shaqada ugu Laboratory Cavendish ee

Dzheyms Chedvik, kuwaas oo Biography waa in physics haystay oo dhan fursadaha in la dhameystiro 1918, in dadaalka Rutherford mahad ku soo laabtay sayniska, iyo xaqiijiyay in lacag xuduntii wuxuu u dhigmaa tirada qaaradda. In 1921, kii ayaa loo internship cilmibaadhista ee Cambridge College Gonville and Keyes ah, iyo sanadka soo socda noqday kaaliyaha in Rutherford at Laboratory Cavendish ee.

maalin kasta shaqaynta, ayuu mar weli helin cilmi, jihada of taas oo guud ahaan la soo jeediyay by Rutherford. Chadwick iyo gabagabo saaxiibkiisa Charles D. Ellis ka dibna sii waxbarashada ee Trinity College iyo Rutherford, baaritaan xubno transmutation marka la Qurub Alfa (nuclei helium) waaleen. Kooxda cilmi-baarista ee Vienna, sidaana waxa natiijada aan la socdaan xogta ka helay by shaybaarka Cavendish ee, saxnaanta kaas oo lagu xad dhaaf difaacay by tijaabo dheeraad ah Chadwick iyo saaxiibtiis.

In 1925, James guursaday Aileen Stewart-Brown. Lamaanahan ayaa gabdhood oo mataano ah ku dhashay.

In ka 1920 bartamihii Dzheyms Chedvik sameeyay tijaabo on jejebinta qayb Alfa in bartilmaameedka laayey ka soo biraha, oo ay ku jiraan dahabka iyo uranium, ka dibna inta badan helium, kuwaas oo xudunta u leeyahay tiro ka mid ah la Qurub Alfa ah. Jejebinta ahaa sinnayn, iyo Chadwick u sharaxay sida ugub ah galmada ee 1930.

helitaanka neutron ah

Back ee 1920, Rutherford jeediyay jiritaanka qayb ka ah koronto dhexdhexaad yeedhay neutrons si ay u sharxaan jiritaanka isotopes hydrogen. Waxaan rumeysan yahay in ay qayb ka kooban yahay electron iyo proton ah, laakiin arrinta sideeda oo aan la helay.

In 1930, waxaa la ogaaday in marka la rays Alfa nuclei iftiin waaleen timaada Polonium Kac cabaar shucaaca lacag la'aan korontada. Waxaa la moodayay in ay rays gamma. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka la isticmaalayo a rays diirada beryllium ahaayeen cabaar marar badan in ka badan iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab kale. In 1931, Chadwick iyo saaxiibkii Webster soo jeediyay in rays dhexdhexaad ah run ahaantii waa u marag furay in jiritaanka neutron ah.

In 1932, laba qof oo is qaba cilmi Iren Kyuri iyo Frederika Zholio muujisay in shucaaca beryllium ahaa cabaar ka badan kuwa ay soo sheegeen cilmi hore, laakiin sidoo kale ay u yeedheen waxaa gamma rays. Dzheyms Chedvik akhri warbixinta oo markiiba bilaabay in ay ka shaqeeyaan xisaabinta mass walxaha dhexdhexaad ah, taas oo u noqon karaan si ay u sharxaan natiijooyinka ugu dambeeyay. Waxa uu isticmaalaa shucaac beryllium in bombard xubno kala duwan oo lagu ogaaday in natiijada waafaqsan saameynta ay qayb ka dhex-dhexaad la tiro ku dhowaad isku mid ah u mass of proton ah. Waxa ay ahayd xaqiijinta tijaabo ah jiritaanka neutron ah. In 1925 lagu gaarayo this, Chadwick helay Nobel Prize ee physics.

From neutron reaction nuclear

Neutron ayaa si deg deg ah noqday aalad ay of physicists u isticmaalaa in gelin ah atamka ka mid ah waxyaalaha aasaaska oo ay isbadal, sidaas xuduntii wanaagsan eedeeyay waxa aan la celinayne. Sayidka, Chadwick diyaariyey jidka loo fission ee uranium-235 iyo hub nuclear. In 1932, waayo daahfurka muhiimka ah uu la gudoonsiiyey Bilad Hughes ah, iyo in 1935 Nobel Prize. Markaasuu wuxuu ogaaday in Hans Falkenhagen helay neutron ka waqti isku mid ah isaga oo leh, laakiin wuu ka baqay in la daabaco natiijooyinka ay. Aqoonyahan Jarmal yaase diiday dalab ay ku wadaagaan Nobel Prize, oo wuxuu isaga siiyey Dzheyms Chedvik.

helitaanka neutron ka caawiyay abuuro xubno transuranic shaybaarka. Tani waxay keentay in helitaanka guusha Nobel Prize Enrico Fermi reactions nuclear laaluusheen by neutrons gaabis ah, iyo helitaan oo ka mid ah farmashiye Jarmal Otto Hahn iyo Strassmann of fission nuclear, taasoo saameyn ku abuureysa hubka nukliyeerka.

Shaqada on qaraxa qaaradda

In 1935, Dzheyms Chedvik noqday professor of physics ee jaamacadda Liverpool. Sida laga soo xigtay natiijooyinka is-of Frisch-Peierls 1940 Bulshda ee sameynta bam nuclear , waxaa loo doortay inuu Guddiga Maud inay eegaan arrintan si faahfaahsan. In 1940 wuxuu booqday North America on Tizard ergo si ay u horumariyaan iskaashiga cilmi nuclear. Ka dib markii in Britain soo laabtay, wuxuu go'aansaday in aan ka shaqayn doonaa ilaa uu dagaalku waa weyn.

Bishii December ee isla sannadkaas Frensis Saymon, kuwaas oo ka shaqeeyey Maud ah, helay fursad ay ku kala isotope ku uranium-235. In uu warbixin uu ku sheegay qiimaysay iyo caddaymaha farsamada ee abuurista ganacsi weyn oo loogu talagalay kobcinta uranium. Chadwick dambe qoray in ka dibna kaliya ee uu ogaaday in bam nuclear ahayd ma aha oo kaliya suurto gal ah, laakiin lama huraan. Laga soo bilaabo in uu lahaa in ay bilaabaan qaadashada kiniiniga hurdada. James iyo koox bam guud ahaan taageerto ee U-235, iyo ogolaaday in ay sii daayo by sida- of isotope ee U-238.

nolosha natiijada

Si dhakhso ah ayuu u baxay inuu Los Alamos, xarunta dhexe ee Project Manhattan ah, iyo si wadajir ah ula Niels Bohr siiyey talooyin qiimo badan u horumarinta oo ka mid ah bambooyinka qaaradda hoos on Hiroshima iyo Nagasaki. Chedvik Dzheyms, kuwaas oo daahfurtay in ay leeyihiin qoto dheer koorsada ee taariikhda aadanaha bedelay, 1945, Waxaa lagu.

Dhamaadkii dagaalkii labaad ee dunida, ayuu post at Liverpool ku soo laabtay. Chadwick iska casilay 1958. Ka dib markii toban sano oo North Wales, wuxuu ku soo laabtay Cambridge ee 1969, halkaas oo uu ku dhintay July 24, 1974.