Duulista long-range Ruush iyo taariikhda

Wax yar ka badan boqol sano ka hor, Nicholas II idman abuurka ah ee koox dad ah oo ah diyaaradaha, "Ilya Muromets". ka dibna waxa uu ku dhashay duulista long-range ee dalkeenna. About Hawlaha ugu waaweyn ee ay taariikhda aad ka akhriyi doonaa in wax this.

Laakiin marka hore, waa in aan bixin cashuur dadkii joogay madaxa laanta this. Yaa ahaayeen saraakiishii duulista muddo dheer kala duwan? Aynu iyaga ku qor:

• PV Androsov.
• AE Golovanov.
• P. S. Deynekin.
• AD Zhiharev.
• IM Kalugin.
• AA Novikov, kuwaas oo markii dambe u noqday Marshal ah.
• M. M. Oparin.
• B. Reshetnikov.

taliyayaasha waxay ku sameeyeen badan si loo hagaajiyo awoodda difaaca of our dalka.

"Ilya Muromets": sida ay u dhan bilaabay

Dhamaadkii 1914 taliska ugu sareeya waxaa la abuuray Qiimeynta "Muromtsev" madax Mihail Shidlovsky ayaa la sara kiciyey. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee adduunka waxaa jiray sida xarunta badan oo qarax afar-engine iyo duulista long-range waxa uu ku dhashay sida. Dhab ahaantii, "ayuu awoowe" oo ay ugu horeysay garabka istaagay dheeraad ah December 23, 1913.

"Muromets", kaas oo si fiican u yaqaan C-22, abuuray warshad halyeeyga Sikorsky Russo-Balt. Waayo, wakhtigiisa, waxa uu ahaa mashiinka cajiib ah in matoorrada iyo sidoo kale kor u qaadi hawada sida ugu badan shan tan oo mass. Diyaaradan ayaa lahaa kaliya labo dhufto qoriga, taas oo loogu talagalay jeer kuwa kale oo ay ahayd technology goynta-qarkiisa ah.

Ka qayb qaadashada Dagaalkii Adduunka

Qaab daran oo ku filan, koox dad ah ee diyaaradaha, kuwaas oo ahaa qalabaysan oo ganaax ah, oo sannadihii ugu kuwii ahaa marka laga reebo wacan in ciidamada dalka Ruushka. In afartii sano ka 1914 si ay u 1918, diyaarad la buuxiyey in ka badan afar boqol oo weera ah. Khasaaraha waxa ay ka mid diyaaradaha oo kaliya.

By 1917, Sikorski muhiimad version cusub loo abuuray, "nooca F". Total qorshe ay ku dhisi 120 diyaaradaha, laakiin markaas ka yimid kacaanka. Baabuurta la gubo, si aanay u dhici gacmaha Jarmal galay, iyo inta kale ee in muddo ah loo isticmaalo sida wax bara iyo gaadiidka.

Tupolev Xilligii

Laakiin taasi bilaw ayuun bay ahayd. Si aad u heer tayo cusub ee duulista mudada fog ee USSR ku yimid markii TB-3 diyaaradda la abuuray. In mas'uul ka ah la dhigaayo KB Andrei Tupolev. horumarinta mashiinka waxaa bilaabay in 1926. Muddo shan sano ah, kaliya wax soo saarka aan baaxad weyn oo la bilaabay, laakiin sidoo kale qaabeynta jirka ka mid ah qarax culus oo muddo sanado ah kuwa ay noqon lahaayeen kuwa fakari karin in dal kasta oo dunida ka.

In la mid ah 1934 diyaarada TB-4 waxaa la abuuray oo ku hadhay taariikhda hoos magaca "Maxim Gorky". Waxa uu ahaa mashiinka ah profile ballaaran, taas oo loo isticmaali karo in ku dhowaad dhammaan ujeedooyinka.

duulimaadka ugu horeeya ee ka dhacay 1934, waxay ahayd ee xilka ee Mikhail Gromov. Mashiinka Tani ayaa laba diiwaanka dunida, si ay kor ugu rarataan culaysyo toban iyo shan iyo toban tan oo si height ah shan kilomitir. Waa "qadhaadh" duulay qoraaga halyeeyga Antuan De Saint-EXUPERY. Laakiin da'da diyaaradda ahaa muddo kooban ah, sida la ogaado ayna duleella iyo ceebaha cusub ee ay design. Laakiin taariikhda duulista long-range ayaa sii waday.

kala duwan New diiwaanada

Horeba 1932, isla Tupolev horumartay diyaarad ah aasaas cusub oo sooctey-birta oo dhan, bal qudhaanjada u-25 ah. Gaariga wuxuu ahaa aad u fiican, waxay ahayd iyada duuliye ugu fiican ee sannadahaas dhigay dhowr diiwaanka dunida. Sidaas daraaddeed, Chkalov duulay isaga ka Moscow in ay Bariga Fog, oo daboolaya fogaan ah 9375 kilomitir. June 18, 1937 isla Chkalov oo dhan ku amray shaqaalihii in la sameeyaa horyaalka Mareykanka.

Just bil ah - rikoor cusub. Inkasta oo wakhtigan, duuliye Soviet back to America duulay, laakiin goolka kama dambaysta ahaa California, ma Washington. Inta lagu guda jiro safar this aan lagu garaacay labo (!) Diiwaanka World. First, kooxda adkaaday 10 148 kiiloomitir in xariiq toosan, oo aysan awoodin in ay u soo duuli 11,500 kiiloomitir, ku dul socda line jajabkii inay aritani ah.

halyeeyga Ilyushin The

In 1933, hoggaanka dalka dhallinyarada go'aansadeen in ay soo ururiyaan oo dhan samaynta diyaarad rajo hal meel, sida degdeg loogu baahan yahay diyaaradaha long-range cusub ah, qalabaysan ku, mashiinada fiican ugu. Just sidaa daraadeed waxa uu ku dhashay CDB caanka ah, kuwaas oo istaagay madaxa Sergei Ilyushin. Just laba sano ka dib, wuxuu ahaa kooxda maskax abuuraa qarxiyay long-range cusub DB-3. Waxa uu ku qaatay muddo dheer pilot imtixaanka bixitaanka Vladimir Kokkinaki. Horeba 1936, diyaarad ahaa ayaa bilaabay inay yimaadaan tirade ciidamada Soviet.

model la hagaajiyey ee gaariga la mid ah, kaas oo u muuqday laba sano ka dib, ayaa loo magacaabay IL-4. Waxa uu helay matoorada awood badan iyo hub cusub. Ka hor dagaalka, in bartamihii 1940-, DB-3 laga saaro conveyor ah, iyo meel laga qaato IL-4. Total dalka soo saaray 1528 baabuurta DB-3 qoyska, kuwaas oo ka qayb ah af Finnish iyo af Patriotic War weyn labadaba.

Weerarkii ugu horeeyay ee Soviet sidoo kale waxaa loogu talagalay Ilyushin. Uu IL-2 ayaa keenay warkiisiina wuxuu gaadhay in constructor this. Maanta halyeeyga IL-76 waa diyaarad ugu weyn ee gaadiidka military ee dalka, mid istaahila in la sii wado shaqada uu awoowe.

The War Patriotic Great, doorka duulista

Horeba 22 June 1941 diyaaradaha kala duwan oo bilaabay si ay u fuliyaan hawlgallo ay dagaal ugu horeysay. Oo maalintii labaad ee dagaalka (!), Waxay ka dhigay "booqasho sharaf" naasiga oo duqeeyay by Danzig, Konigsberg, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah magaalooyinka ee Poland iyo Hungary.

mashiinada Basic ahaayeen: PE-8, PI-3, IL-4 iyo PE-2. laf-dhabar u ah jihada hawada long-range kor lagu sharaxay ahaa IL-4. In dhammaan sano ee dagaalka ee ay sameeyeen kun oo weera ah, dhamaystirka tiro la yaab leh hawlaha. Waa in la sheegay in duulista long-range ee muddada ka mid ah "u dhashay" wax badan oo geesiyaal Soviet. Total 269 privates iyo saraakiil ka heshay this darajo sare, iyo lix ayaa labo jeer waxa ay heshay.

Laakiin qiimaha ahaa sare: ka dib markii Ciidanka Cirka, dagaalkii labaad World hadhay shiidaa "on digir ah ', iyagoo laga badiyay inta badan raxan diyaaradda. Oo waxay ahayd ma aha oo kaliya marka la eego tirada: 1,800 diyaaradaha, ka badan ama ka yar oo casri ah, ku haboon xalinta dhibaatooyinka muhiim ah oo kaliya oo ku saabsan saddex darsin baabuurta ku hadhay. Taasi waa sababta go'aanka loo sameeyey in aad nuqulka American B-29 ah, ka dhigay oo ku saleysan in ay diyaarad cusub.

Horeba 1947 waxaa la bilaabay wax soo saarka ah ee culus Tu-4. In waqtiga innaba shuqul weyn oo loogu talagalay in lagu qabsado diyaaradaha xaaladaha gudaha iyo hub ciidan, samaynta u suurtagashay in ay si weyn kor loogu qaado isku halaynta ee mashiinada ah la sameeyo. In 1951, diyaarad, kuwaas oo noqday sidayaal ugu horeysay gudaha ee hubka nukliyeerka.

The shaqo post-dagaal

In bartamihii 1950-, diyaarad cusub kala duwan, Fundka horumarinta warshadaha ee tobanaan sano in ay yimaadaan. Waxay ahayd waqti this waxaa la sameeyey oo helay Tacaddi wakiishay Tu-95 "Bear", taas oo weli taagan khadadka difaaca dalka, iyo sidoo kale qaar ka mid ah mashiinada kale.

Sidaas darteed, soo-Tu 16, kaas oo lagu naanayso "Amme" ahaa monoplane ugu horeysay, iyagoo baalashooda ku xaaqay. Mashiinka ugu horeysay lagu soo shiriyey ee 1953. Her shaqaale waa lix qof ama ka badan. hub ugu weyn ee is-difaaca noqday qoriga automatic ka dhisteen PU-88 iyo saddex qori sanka, hago. Ka dibna, diyaarada ahaa toddoba AM-23 qoryaha, heerkiisa ah taas oo ahayd 23 milimitir.

"Adhidibadeed" iyo duuliyayaasha duulista long-range ay qaateen qayb firfircoon ee "Lix Day War" ee 1967, ku dhawaad inta kale ee colaadda Arab-Israeli oo dhan waqti iyo u suurtagashay in ay ka qayb qaataan ololaha Afghanistan.

Tu-95, Ruush "Bear"

Waxaan tijaabiyey this diyaarad taariikhi 1952. sredneplan dhan-biraha Tani afar matoorada turboprop, kuwaasi oo ay ku rakiban yihiin si toos ah in baal xaaqan. Uu "highlight" ee kaliya la mid ah oo waa matoorrada ee NK-12, kuwaas oo weli ka matoorada turboprop ugu fiican ee ay fasalka.

Diyaaradda ayaa qaadi karaan load qarax laba iyo toban tan ah. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, in bay bamka lagu rakibayaa karaa bambooyin ah oo miisaankeedu yahay ilaa toban metrik. Sannadkii 2010, waxay ku dhigay rikoor cusub: 43 saacadood qarax duulay 30,000 kiiloomitir. peculiarity ee dhacdadan sidoo kale waa xaqiiqda ah in ay dhaqanka loo isticmaalo makiinadaha wax soo saarka caadiga ah. Sidaas daraaddeed duulista long-range Ruushka, xataa qaab turboprop weli ka dhigan ciidan xoog badan.

ZM qarxiyay

Mashiinka waxaa la sameeyey ee 1956-1960 sano. feature diyaaradaha ahaa nidaamka hubka "laf-" ugu dambeeyay taas oo ahayd a D-5 gantaal gaar ah, kaas oo si kalsooni ku dhuftay Karaan Bartilmaameed dhulka ku saleysan badda iyo labada. Masaafada diyaarad ay ahayd oo dhan 280 kiiloomitir, iyo xawaaraha uu ahaa kor ku xusan xawaare codka saddex jeer. Waa in la ogaadaa in gantaal, kuwaas oo muddo dheer la aasaasay laf-dhabar u ah Taliska Istiraatiijiga ah ee Air ee Bariga Fog.

Maanta, duulista mudada fog ee Federation Ruush wakiil mashiinada dhowr, oo ay ku jiraan Tu-95 iyo Tu-160, laakiin "jir" ZM ayaa dhawaan ka fariistay. macluumaad sax ah oo ku saabsan haddii ay jiraan haatan ahaayeen diyaarado of this qoyska, taas oo ka heli kartaa hawada, ma.

Dagaalkii Qaboobaa iyo duulista muddo dheer kala duwan ee

Ka dib markii Germany ka adkaadeen, gudbikaraa oo ka mid ah saamaynta dunida ku baahsan ayaa la redrawn ka xoq. NATO iyo isbahaysiga sameeyay dalalka Warsaw Heshiiska, oo ma ay quudin kasta jacayl kale oo gaar ah. Maanta, taariikhyahan iyo ciidamada naftooda aaminsan yihiin in kaliya mucjiso wakhtigaas bilaabin ma War World III.

La yaab ma laha in gelin sannadahaas ahaa duulista istiraatiiji ahaa mid ka mid ah damiin nabadda ee dunida, taageerada qalcaddayda gaashaan nuclear ee dalka. Ilaa 1961 diyaaradaha ay ahaayeen habka ugu muhiimsan ee bixinta bambooyinka nukliyeerka si ay u soo horjeeda tahay. By habka, amarka, diyaaradda istaagay madaxa Qaybta gantaal Soviet ugu horeysay.

Beddelidda jihada horumarka

Dagaalka ka dib waxaa u cadaatay in ay ahayd waqti ay ka turboprop qadiimiga guurto matoorada diyaaradaha. In mabda'a, jet ugu horeysay Il-28 u muuqday in dhamaadka fog ee 1940. Dabcan, diyaaradda oo intaasu waxay ahayd siyaabo qaar ka mid ah horumar degdeg ah a, laakiin sidoo kale on design loo baahan yahay shaqo badan.

Sidaas daraaddeed, bilowga ah ee 1970 (ku salaysan xad jir tu-22) gantaal cusub waxaa la abuuray K-22. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxaa jira versions kale ee diyaaradaha this. Waxaan ka hadleynaa mashiinada Tu-22M2 iyo Tu-22M3. Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa xaqiiqada ah in ay design iyo wax soo saarka ee teknoolajiyada iyo qalab cusub oo loo adeegsaday u tiro badan, kaas oo ilaa haatan codsiga heli karaa oo keliya barnaamijka meesha bannaan ee.

Ugu dambayntii waxa ay ahayd markii ugu qurux badan "White Swan", ka Tu-160. Wuxuu ka mid ahaa calaamadaha of War dhan Cold noqday. Waxa ay ahayd diyaarad ee dunida ugu horreeya ee size this la geometry garabka variable, in dhismaha oo kun oo xal farsamo sare loo isticmaalay, kuwaas oo qaar badan yihiin gaar ah ilaa maantadan la joogo. wadadii uu si xaqiijinta baahida loo qabo in la horumariyo wax u eg sirdoonka this noqday, kaas oo sheegay in bilowgii abuurniinta ee diyaarad B-1.

The ugu horeysay "White Swan" fayday ka Postoo "Ramenskoye". Oo waxay noqotay dhamaadka December 1981. In 1984, dhirta duulista Kazan bilowday wax soo saarka mass of makiinadaha gaar ah.

Bartamihii 2003-, diyaaradaha, kuwaas oo u duulay badan Badweynta Hindiya, gudbaya hawada ee dalal badan. Ilaa waqtigan in, diyaaradaha Ruush fog (photo waa in maqaalka) duulimaad dherer ma mabda '. Last September, laba Tu-160 duulay Venezuela, keenidda xiriirka midoobay u dhexeeya labada dal.

Waxaan dhihi karnaa si kalsooni leh in horumarinta Command Air Istiraatiijiga ah - oo fure u ah qarannimada iyo ammaanka dalkeenna ee sannadaha soo socda.