Doonniyaha Columbus: horyaalka, description. Ship of Columbus 'Santa Maria'. "Niña" Markabka Hristofora Kolumba

"Columbus helay America, badmaaxa weyn" - sida ay yidhaahdaan ka mid song ... Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka hor inta aadan ku dhoofnay, sahamisa caanka ah sanado badan sugayay maal ay u ganay. Inkasta oo gobta badan waqtiga mashruuca Hristofora Kolumba ahaa in uu ka jeelahay, in loo qoondeeyo lacag ah hirgelintiisa, waxayna ahaayeen kuwo degdeg ma. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, discoverer mustaqbalka wuxuu ahaa nin firfircoon, oo weli u ururiyaan lacagta loo baahan yahay, oo loo diyaariyey saddex maraakiibta, kuwaasoo mid walba uu leeyahay sheeko la yaab leh u gaar ah.

Hristofor Kolumb

Ka hor inta waxbarashada ku saabsan maraakiibta, taas oo ka dhigtay in uu safar halyeeyga Columbus, waxaa haboon in la xasuusnaado Navigator weyn.

Hristofor Kolumb waxa uu ku dhashay 1451, ee Republic of Genoa. Uu saynisyahano dhalashadiisa gaar kululeeyo doodda. Christopher qudhiisa waxaa loo arkaa Navigator ah Isbaanish, sida kooxda reer Spain qalabeeyay uu duulaan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ilo kala duwan gudbin waxa si sidii Talyaani ah, Catalan iyo xataa nin Yuhuudi ah oo diinta kiristaanka.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Columbus nin ahaa aad u fiican, kaas oo siiyey fursad ah si ay u helaan waxbarasho fiican ee Jaamacadda magaalada Talyaaniga ee Pavia. Ka dib markii barashada Christopher badanaa noqday dabaalan. Inta badan, uu ka qayb guutadii ganacsiga badaha. Waxaa laga yaabaa in tani ay tahay sabab u entrainment ee safarka badda sagaal iyo toban Columbus waxay guursadeen gabdho sahamisa oo caan ah Dona Felipe De Palestrello.

Marka discoverer mustaqbalka ee America saddex iyo labaatan, wuxuu bilaabay inuu keeni waraaqo firfircoon la aqoonyahan caan Fiorentine Paolo Toscanelli, bal yaa isaga u sheegay fikradda ah u safraya Hindiya ee guud ahaan Badweynta Atlaantik.

Ka dib faqri u gaar ah xisaabaha, Hristofor Kolumb iska dhaadhiciyay ee Isafgaradku uu saaxibkiis qalinka. Sidaa darteed, in sanadaha soo socda uu soo gudbiyey mashruuca safarka dadka ugu qani ah ee Genoa a. Laakiinse iyagu ma ay maqsuud isaga, oo diiday in lagu maalgeliyo.

Niyad la Muwaadiniinta ah, Columbus waxay bixisaa si ay u abaabulaan duulaan Boqorka Portugal, iyo ka dib kuwii gobta ahaa iyo wadaadada reer Spain. Laakiin sano ee tagtay, oo ninna ma uu leeyahay in loo qoondeeyo lacag mashruuca Columbus. In quus, Navigator u soo jeestay ilaa tan iyo boqorkii British ah, laakiin dhan in aan micne lahayn. Oo kaliya kolkuu ku dhowaa inuu u dhaqaaqo France oo halkaas si ay isugu dayaan in ay nasiib, Spain Queen Isabella aqbaleen inay maal duulaan ku.

Columbus safarka

All sahamisa weyn u sameeyey afar safar ka Europe in America. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah ay fuliyeen in muddada u dhaxaysa 1492 in 1504.

Inta lagu guda jiro duulaan ugu horeysay ee Columbus la isaga baxeen qiyaastii boqol qof oo saddex markab oo. Total safar wareeg qaaday bilood ah oo ku saabsan toddoba iyo badh. Inta lagu guda jiro duulaan this, sahamiyayaal helay jasiiradda of Cuba, Haiti iyo Bahamas ee Caribbean. Columbus helay dalka sanado badan, loo yaqaan xiray West ee. Waxa xusid mudan, cilmi qaar ku doodayaan in ujeedada duulaan reer Columbus ahaa ma Hindiya, iyo Japan.

Waqti ka, ay sabab u tahay khilaafaadka kala duwan ee dalka u furan joogsadeen inay tahay hantida kaliya ee Crown Isbaanish iyo kala qaybsameen u dhexeeya xoogagga badda ee Yurub.

Iyadoo Christopher ahaa duulaan saddexaad ee Vasco da Gama laga helay jidka dhabta ah si ay India, sidaas gelinaya dhaleeceynta a on sumcadda musuqmaasuq Columbus. Ka dib markii in, sahamisa ee aad ku Biro Naar ah waxaa guriga u soo diray, oo doonayay in ay u xukumaan, laakiin hodanka Spanish horeba lacag fiican dhulka u furan, Columbus difaacay oo xaqiijiyay in la sii daayo.

Isku dayga in ay caddeeyaan kiiska, Navigator soo qaaday duulaan afaraad, inta lagu guda jiro kaas oo ugu dambeyntii u helay in ay qaarada of America.

In la soo dhaafay sano, nolosha Hristofor Kolumb isku dayeen in ay dib u horyaalka ee ku abtirsan, siiyey taaj uga lamaanaha, ka ciqaab Isbaanish, iyo sidoo kale mudnaanta dalalka dadweynaha. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma uusan u maamulaan si ay u sameeyaan. dhimashada hadhaagii discoverer ka dib perezahoronyali dhowr jeer, si hadda ay jiraan dhawr suurto gal qabriga Hristofora Kolumba.

Saddex markab Columbus (Karakka iyo caravels)

Marka Hristofor Kolumb dhigay ugu danbeyn maal uu duulaan ugu horeysay, uu ku hawlanaa diyaarinta maraakiibta.

First of dhan waxaa lagama maarmaan ahayd si loo ogaado tirada. Tan iyo markii uu shirkadda ahayd arrin khatar ah, in ay qalabeeyaan raxan weyn oo ahaa mid qaali ah. Isla mar ahaantaana ka mid ah ama labo markab - aad u yar. Sidaa darteed, waxaa la go'aamiyay in ay qalabeeyaan saddex cutub. Maxay ahaayeen Doonniyaha Columbus? Chief iyaga ka mid ah - Karakka "Santa Maria", iyo laba caravels, "Niña" iyo "Pinta".

Karakka iyo caravel - waa maxay?

Markabka Hristofora Kolumba 'Santa Maria' nooca ahaa Karakka. Sidaas awgeed, waxaan u yeedhay caadiga ah ee qarniyadii 15-16 th, aadeen maraakiibta 3-4 ay daqal. Waxaa xusid mudan in Yurub ay ahaayeen weyn waqtiga. Sida caadiga ah, maraakiibta, kuwaas oo si xor ah kooxda kaalinta yaabaa shan boqol oo kun nin. Haddii aan ka fiirsan in markabka oo dhan saddex markab oo Columbus wuxuu jiray boqol oo qof, malaha, "Santa Maria" yaraa Karakka ah.

maraakiibta kale ee Columbus (magaca "Niña" iyo "Pinta") ahaayeen caravels. weel 2-3-daqal Tani caadi ah sanadihii kuwa la mid ah. Si ka duwan Karakka, waxay ahaayeen ka yar ku haboon, waayo, guutadii wax dheer. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxay ahaayeen kuwo ka badan maneuverable, oo si fudud oo jaban, si ugu dhaqsaha badan ay cadaalad daro xilka karakki weyn.

"Santa Maria" Markabka Columbus ee

Sida sawirka ka mid ah Navigator weyn, iyo muuqaalka kore ee uu saddex markab oo marka hore aan la sii raagayaan. Description oo ka mid ah maraakiibta Columbus, iyo sidoo kale nidaamyada ay, halkii ay ka da.ay oo laga erayadii markhaatiyaal indhaha ka badbaaday sanado badan ka dib ama fikrado ah aqoonyahaniinta.

Sida caadi ahaan la aaminsan yahay, "Santa Maria" wuxuu ahaa hal-sharraxaa yar Karakka saddex daqal. Waxaa la malaysan in dhererka markabka ayaa ahaa 25 m, iyo width ah -. 8 m Qabyada ah waxay ahayd abbaaraha 1200 markab qabsaday ahaa 3 m oo qoto dheer, iyo midige ahaa tiirsanaanta jimbaar, weliba qolalkii hoose yaaliin iyo bakhaarradii .. In taangiga ahaa boosteejo ah oo saddex xagal ah.

"Santa Maria" (Markabka Columbus) ayaa ku qalabaysan hub kala duwan ee calibers kala duwan, loogu talagalay in dab kubadaha dhagax. Waxaa xusid mudan in xogta uu Navigator xilliyo yeedhay flagship Karakka ah, caravel ah. Qasdigiisu markabka Columbus iska Juan de la Kos, oo sidoo kale ahaa kabtanka.

Masiirka ah "Santa Maria"

Nasiib darro, "Santa Maria" lama Qaddarray guriga ku soo laabto Spain sida ugu horreysa ee December ee 1492 ugu horeeyay, inta lagu guda jiro safar ugu horeysay, flagship ee Columbus on Qoryaale dhow Haiti fadhiistay. Ogaaday in la badbaadiyo "Santa Maria" waa wax aan macquul aheyn, Christopher amar ku qaataan ka, oo dhan in ay noqon karaan qiimaha, iyo wareejiyay caravel ah. Markab laftiisa la go'aamiyay in guuriso qalabka dhismaha, kaas oo markii dambe jasiiradda isla qalcaddii "Christmas" ( "La Navidad") waxaa la dhisay.

"Niña"

Sida laga soo xigtay discoverer ee saffarro, "Niña" (Markabka Columbus ee) ahaa markabka jecel ee discoverer dalalka cusub. In safaradiisa oo dhan, iyada oo uu qariya shan iyo afartan kun kiilomitir. dhimashada "Santa Maria" Ka dib waa u beddelay flagship ee Columbus.

magaca Real doonnida ka ahaa "Santa Clara", laakiin xubno ka mid ah duulaan ku affectionately u yeedhay "ilmaha," taas oo ku dhawaaqa Spanish sida "Niña". milkiilaha markabka uu ahaa Juan Niño. Laakiin in dhoofkanu lahaan ugu horeeyay ee kabtan Columbus "Nini" ahaa Vicente Yáñez Pinzón.

Sida laga soo xigtay saynisyahano, size ee "Santa Clara" ahaa oo ku saabsan 17 m dheer iyo 5.5 m ballaaran. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in ay jiraan waxay ahaayeen saddex daqal on "Sagaalka." Sida laga soo xigtay warbixin ka soo log markabka, asal ahaan kasoo jeeda caravel this waxaa slanting shiraac, iyo kadib markii uu muddo ku Islands Canary, waxaa iyaga ka bedelay khadadka toosan.

Markii hore, doonnidii waxay wax yar ka badan labaatan xubnood oo ka tirsan shaqaalaha markabka, laakiin "Santa Maria" dhimasho badan oo ka mid ah ka dib. Waxa xiiso leh in ay ku badmaax oo markii ugu horeysay hurday jifsadan, wareegay xeerkii Hindida ah.

Masiirka ah "Nini"

Si nabad ah dib ugu soo laabtay ka dib markii Spain duulaan ugu horeysay ee Columbus, "Niña" ayaa sidoo kale ka qeyb galay safar labaad ee Christopher in xeebaha America. Inta lagu guda jiro caan 1495 duufaan ah "Santa Clara" wuxuu ahaa markab kaliya ka badbaaday.

Inta u dhaxaysa discoverer ku 1496th iyo 1498th jecel markab of America ahaa ayaa la qafaashay, laakiin si geesinimo ee ay caasimadda mahad la sii daayay oo wuxuu u tegey saddexaad Safar ah ee Columbus.

Ka dib markii 1501 uu jiro wax macluumaad ah oo ku saabsan, caravel u badan tahay in inta lagu jiro mid ka mid ah ololaha ay ku degtay.

"Pinta"

xogta saxda ah on muuqaalka iyo farsamo sifooyinka markabka taariikhda ayaa sii raagayaan.

Waxaan ognahay oo kaliya in markabka of Columbus 'Pinta' ahaa caravel ugu weyn duulaan ugu horeysay ee socotada weyn. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababo aan la ogeyn dhimashada "Santa Maria" madaxa dabaasha ka dib markii aan u doortay in ay sida flagship ah. Inta badan, waxay ahayd ciidanka, iyo kabtanka markabka - Martín Alonso Pinzón. Indeed, inta lagu guda jiro safarka, ayuu si joogta ah uga horjeeday go'aanka Columbus. Malaha Navigator ka baqay rabshad iyo sidaas daraaddeed doortay markabka halkaas oo sirkaalkii ahaa Brother Martin - abbuurka Vicente.

Waxaa xusid mudan in World Cusub ahaa kii ugu horeeyay si ay u arkaan badmaaxa la "Pinta".

Waxaa la og yahay in Markabka guriga ku soo laabtay si gooni gooni ah. Waxaa intaa dheer, oo ahaa sirkaalkii "Pinta" dhammaan ciidamada waxay doonayeen inay markabka hore u yimid Spain, ayaa rajeynaya in uu kuu sheego war wanaagsan. Laakiin goor dambe, waayo, dhowr saacadood ay sabab u tahay duufaanka.

"Pinta" Masiirka

Wixii macluumaad ah oo ku saabsan sida fartaan qaddar ee markabka "Pinta" ka dib safar Columbus ', waa aan la aqoon. Waxaa jira cadaymo muujinaya in ka dib markii soo laabashada kabtanka markabka uu ahaa hooyo arrin qabow qaatay. Iyo sababta oo ah dhibaatooyin caafimaad oo helay inta lagu guda jiro duulaan ku ah, ayuu dhowr bilood kadib u dhintay. Malaha markabka ama la iibiyey iyo magaca beddelay, ama la dilay inta lagu guda jiro safar ku xigta.

maraakiibta kale ee Columbus

Haddii inta lagu guda jiro duulaan ugu horeysay ee raxan Columbus 'ka koobnaa saddex farsamo yar oo kaliya, ee labaad waxaa jiray toddoba iyo saddexaad - lix, iyo kii afraad - afar oo dhan. Tani waxa ay ahayd sabab u ah kalsoonida oo ka lunta in Kolumbu Hristoforu ah. Waxaase xusid mudan, dhowr sano oo Columbus noqon doonaa mid ka mid ah geesiyaal ugu weyn ee Spain.

Magacyada inta badan weelashan aan la sii raagayaan. Waxaan ognahay oo kaliya in flagship ee duulaan labaadna wuxuu ahaa markab lagu magacaabo "Marie-Galante", iyo in afraadna wuxuu - "La Capital".

Ka dib markii sannado badan ka dib waxaa la ogaaday on maraakiibta qaar Columbus dhoofay uu safar ugu horeysay, iyo duni cusub u furay oo dhan aadanaha, waxaa la yaab leh sida ay u awoodaan in ay ku dabaalan dhamaan ahaayeen. Ka dib markii asturidda Crown Spanish waxay ahaayeen maxkamad awood badan oo la asaasay, laakiin milkiilayaasha ay Ma doonayo in aan iyaga halis. Warka fiicani waxa weeye in milkiilayaasha "Santa Maria", "Santa Clara" ( "Nini"), iyo "Pinta" ma sidaas yihiin iyo Dhexgasheen duulaan Columbus. Si goan sababtoo ah waxay yihiin weligood galay taariikhda dunida sida ay furi labada jasiiradood cusub iyo berriga.