Kolonyo ugu horeeyay ee Arctic taariikhda

Sannadkan waxaa la xusayaa ee shan iyo toddobaatan sannadood iyo ilaa maalinta, marka ciidamada bilaabay inuu cargoes Murmansk dhiibay America iyo Britain si ay ula dagaalamaan cadowga caadi ah - Nazi Germany. Keenistooda waa mid aad u adag, laakiin waxaa loo baahan yahay si xun u laayeen, iyo bilowgii waxaa ka mid ah ku riday kolonyo ugu horeysay Arctic, dhaadhacay taariikhda hoos magaca "daraawiishtii".

Mar kale dalbaday in waayo-aragnimo ee la soo dhaafay qarniyo

kolonyo Arctic ee dagaalkii labaad ee dunida waxay ahayd in la sii wado dhaqanka, kaas oo la bilaabay kooxda reer Spain sida ugu horreysa ee qarnigii XVI ka. In times kuwa teesto ah, waxay convoyed galleons gaadiid guud tons Atlantic ah dahab iyo lacag, la xado ee South America. Sida dabagal la rar noocan oo kale ah waxa uu ahaa a maraakiibta aad u khatar ah soo ururiyey on waddooyinka ee Havana, oo hore u hoos cover oo ka mid ah qoryaha Isbaanish, ku socday guud ahaan expanses ah cayayaan burcad badeed Soomaali.

Oo sidaas daraaddeed, markii bishii July 1941, Moscow iyo London ayaa kala saxiixday heshiis ku saabsan falalka is dagaalka ka dhanka ah Germany iyo Churchill u ballanqaaday in wax kasta oo uu awood caawimaad Stalin ee, British ah xusuustay hab in, kaas oo afar sano ka hor, sidayaal badda difaacay by walalahooda ay dagaal badan.

Tani cadeeyay inuu yahay mid aad u faa'iido leh, maxaa yeelay, laba wiig Midowga Soofiyeeti heshiis la Maraykanka saxiixay sahay ciidan, Congress ah oo qaatay barnaamijka gobolka oo ka mid ah ciidamada huwanta ah ee sahayda rasaas, qalabka, cuntada iyo daawada, loo yaqaan ee taariikhda hoos magaca Lease Amaahi-ka. Marka tan la eego, su'aasha buuxa kacay - sida loo samatabbixin xamuulka sokeeye ee dekedaha Soviet.

Siyaabaha ay u xaliyaan dhibaatada

Waxaa jira saddex xal dhibaatada this. Mid ka mid ah wadada ahaa iyada oo loo marayo Badweynta Pacific, laakiin maxaa yeelay, dhammaan dekedda Soviet Far Bari ee Vladivostok ayaa lala kaliya by tareenka la meelaha hore-line. Uu sokeeye kaabadood joogto ah ku xidheen maraakiibta, iyo, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in ay tareenka Trans-Siberian ahaa bandwidth yar intii lagu jiray dagaalka oo ahaa waxa la gaarsiiyey 47% ka mid ah kuwa xamuulka militariga. Laakiin dhibaatada ahayd in wadada ay tahay markii aad wax baabbi'iya.

Jidka Labaad, iyo ugu amaan ah iyadoo Gacanka Faaris iyo Iran orday. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay sabab u tahay dhibaatooyinka farsamo, waxay awoodi karaan in ay isticmaalaan oo keliya in bartamihii 1942-ahaayeen, halka gargaarka looga baahan yahay in ay hore isla markiiba. Sidaa darteed kolonyo cidhifka waqooyi waa muuqashadii saddexaad ee bixinta badeecadaha macaamiloodeen Allied amarka lahaa faaidooyin ka badan laba kale.

First, waxaa loo baahan yahay waqti yar. Arctic kolonyo ay samatabbixin karaan alaabta ee kaliya toban - maalmood laba iyo toban, iyo marka labaad, Arkhangelsk iyo Murmansk, halkaas oo dajinaya, ku dhow ku filan si ay meesha of colaad iyo xarunta dalka.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, Jid, kanu wuxuu ahaa ben la khatarta taasoo ka dhalatay xaqiiqda ah in, doonniyihii waxay ku qasbay in ay u guuraan xeebta ah ee Norway, heystey Jarmalka. Qayb weyn oo ka mid ah sida ay u lahaayeen in ay ka gudbaan in goobta si degdeg ah airfields iyo saldhigyadii ciidamada badda ee cadowga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in kasta oo ay wax walba, sidaas ahayd lagama maarmaan, oo kolonyo Allied cidhifka woqooyi ee 1941-1945 ka dhigay gacan weyn ka soo gaartay ee cadowga. Gaar ahaan waa weyn yahay doorka ay ahayd sannaddii kowaad oo la dagaal galay.

Habka taararka marinnada gaadiidka

Si ay u muujiyaan weeraro ay suurtagal tahay cadowga, xeeladaha amarka huwanta ayaa la horumariyo, mahad oo kolonyo Arctic ka aamin laga yaabaa xamuul ah intii suurtogal ah. Gaadiidka la dhisay ma caravan hal, iyo column dib gaaban, dhaqaaqin hore meel fog ka badan midba midka kale, oo inta badan ka beddeli dabcan. Tani ma aha oo kaliya u oggolaanaysa in ay gacanta ku ool ah iyaga, laakiin abuuray kakanaanta dheeraad ah oo gujis ah Jarmal.

Si loola quusta loogu talagalay wehel markab yar, oo ka kooban minesweepers, markab iyo kuwa ku baabbi'inaya. Waxay ahaayeen at qaar ka mid ah masaafo ka ah Maraakiibta galbiyeen iyaga by. iyaga ka sokow, howlgalka dagaalka ku qaadeen maraakiibta waaweyn, soo socda u dhaw xeebta, oo loogu talagalay si ay u muujiyaan ciidamada dusha cadowga iyo duulista.

Intii jidka ilaa Bear Island, oo ku yaalla qaybta galbeed ee Badda Barents ah, ka kolonyo Arctic waqooyiga hoos ilaalinta ciidanka badda iyo hawada British. At heerka ugu dambeeya, waajib this on, ayaa baxriyiintii Soviet iyo Ciidanka Cirka dhacay.

kolonyo Arctic Allied 1941-1945, ayaa lagu sameeyey, oo iyana way qabsadeen in ay rarka haya ee dekedda ah Scottish, oo ku yaalla gacanka ee Loch U. Dheeraad ah, ay jidka ku jiifsatay Reykjavik, halkaas oo maraakiibta ku orday, Haamaha Shiidaalka Berbera, ka dibna raacay in Ahaado. In view of xaaladaha barafka, ka dib markii koorso la dhigay sida ugu badan ee suurto gal ah in xagga woqooyi. Tan waa la sameeyey si loo kordhiyo meel fog ka soo xeebta, degan cadowga.

Laba dhibcood kala duwan ee view

Waxa xiiso leh in la ogaado mid si faahfaahsan waa gelin sannadahaas, sababta oo ah xiisadaha qaarkood u dhexeeya saraakiisha Soviet iyo dhigooda Ingiriiska. Sida laga soo xigtay tilmaamaha soo saaray Admiralty si Her Majesty, oo waxay qabataa dhammaan maraakiibta, ma ahan oo keliya kuwa ahaayeen qayb ka mid ah kolonyo Arctic, gaadiidka, oo burburay ama soo badiyay in maamulka dagaalka, shaqaale kala iibsiga maxkamadda kale, waxayna doonayeen torpedoes iyo Waxaan u baxay inuu ka hooseysa.

Tan waa la sameeyey, maxaa yeelay nolosha baxriyiintii ayaa la dhigay ka fog hantida la taaban karo, iyo isku day kasta si loo badbaadiyo markabka dhimanaya iyaga u sakhiray in ay halis disha. Xitaa dhinaca wax ku ool ah, British ah la rumaysan yahay in ay u diyaar garoobaan markabka fasalka-koowaad, waa wax badan ka adag tahay in la dhiso markabka. Habkan uu ahaa gabi ahaanba cad oo dhanka Soviet, iyo inta badan siiyey sabab ku dacwaynayo xulafadooda in dadaal lagu doonayo in samatabbixin dekedda of caga alaabta sida ugu macquulsan.

nasiib wacan, in uu la socdaa "daraawiishtii"

The kolonyo horeysay Arctic, code-magacaabay "daraawiishtii", ka tagay dekedda Reykjavik, 21 August 1941. Waxay ka koobnayd lix markab oo gaadiidka British oo ka mid ah Soviet. Ammaankooda la hubinayaa toddoba minesweepers iyo laba ku dumiyey. Si ammaan ah lagu gaarey Mikaa'iil, August 31, gaadiidka mashquulsanayeen xeebta shan iyo toban ka tirsan "Hurricane", ku dhowaayeen afar kun eedeeyay qoto dheer, dhowr dersin baabuurta, iyo sidoo kale tan oo caag, iyo suufkayga, iyo cayn kasta oo dharka.

Arctic Allied kolonyo ee 1941-1945. wararka ahaayeen magaca code amarka bilaabmaa warqado PQ. Waxa ay ahayd xarafka ugu horeeya ee magaca sarkaalka British Admiralty Peter Kvilina (Peter Quelyn), ayaa masuul ka ah qabanqaabinta ilaalinta weelashii gaadiidka. Ka dib markii xarfaha tegey tiro isku xigxiga ee kolonyada soo socda. Jiido, dhinaca ka soo horjeeda socda, muujinaysaa QP, iyo sidoo kale tirada ku gelayo.

The kolonyo horeysay Arctic, hoos ugu tegey, taariikhda sida PQ-0, gaadhay Arkhangelsk aan dhibaatooyin inta badan, sababtoo ah amarka Jarmal, diiradda on "blitzkrieg" - dagaal hillaac, rajaynayeen inay buuxiyaan xilli Eastern xitaa ka hor inta bilawga ah ee jiilaalka, oo waxba ma ay fiiro gaar ah oo ku filan si ay u wixii ka dhacayay Arctic ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, markii ay caddaatay in dagaalka uu noqon lahaa halganka dheer la kolonyo Arctic helay muhiimad gaar ah.

fiirsashada ee ciidamada cadowga ee dagaalka ka dhanka ah ee Allied kolonyo

Waxaa xusid mudan in ka dib markii May 1941 flagship Ingiriiska waxaa tiimbadeen by markab dagaal Navy Jarmal "BISMARCK", Hitler mamnuucay dhammaan shaqaalaha maraakiibta dusha ay u galaan dagaal furan la British galay. Sababta ahaa mid aad u fudud - ayuu ka baqay mar kale ku siin sabab cadowga for dabaal. Haddaba sawirka uu is beddelay.

Xilliga jiilaalka hore ee 1942 ee degaanka of muuqaalka suurto gal ah kolonyo British ah ayaa isla markiiba la geeyay saddex Cruiser culus iyo mid fudud. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxay lahaayeen si ay u taageeraan shan dumiyey iyo quusta iyo toban. In isku midka ah la this, tirada diyaaradaha ayaa ku salaysan ee airfields ee Norway, ayaa kor u kacay ilaa shan boqol oo unug, taas oo loo ogol yahay, bishii April ee sanadkii la mid ah si ay u bilaabaan in cirka laga duqeeyo si joogto ah on Murmansk.

tallaabooyinka noocan oo kale ah waa in la meelmariyo, oo xawaal qaraabada xaalad taas oo ka dhigay kolonyo horeysay guurka ay, waxaa bedelay xaaladda dagaal la joogo. Xulafadooda ugu khasaaray ugu horeysay ee January 1942, marka Jarmalka waxay ka mid ahaayeen kolonyada PQ-7 waxaa tiimbadeen by markabka British gaadiidka "Waziristan".

Loss of sokeeye iyo jawaabahooda

Dhisidda guusha, amarka Jarmal abaabulay ugaarsi dhab ah kolonyo soo socda PQ-8. On uu dhexda u yimid markab dagaal "Tirpitz", waa replica a tiimbadeen ka hor "BISMARCK" iyo saddex ku dumiyey iyo dhowr quusta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inkasta oo dadaalka oo dhan, ogaanshaha waqtigii kolonyo Arctic ay ku guuldareysatay, oo ka mid ah oo kaliya, laakiin aad u nasiib-darro ah noo dhibanaha ahaa markab Soviet gaadiidka "Izhora", sababo farsamo, stragglers ka koox ugu weyn.

Nasiib darro, halkan khasaaraha huwanta oo aad u kordhay. Sida ay soo koobikaro waxa maalintii, bishii March 1942, Jarmalka u suurtagashay inuu dego shan gaadiidka British, iyo bisha soo socota, ay soo biiray by sagaal markab oo kale oo qayb ka ah afar kolonyo xidhay Murmansk ahaayeen.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dib u dhac ugu weyn ee military British on April 30, marka toorbiidyo ka gujis ah Jarmal rasaas ahaa tiimbadeen by markab ah "Edinburgh", in xeebaha Britain laabtay. Oo ay la socdaan isaga tageen ilaa hoos, ku jireen madaafiicda, guryihii uu shan iyo tons badh ah oo dahab ah oo ka soo jeeda dawladda Soviet soo sahay ciidan aan kooxo noo.

Ka dibna, dahab ayaa la sara kiciyey, in koorsada of hawlgal badbaadin ah, kaas oo ka dhacay muddada u dhaxaysa 1961 in 1968. Iyadoo la tixraacayo heshiiska saxiixay ka hor, oo kulligeedna waxay ahayd kala Midowga Soviet, Britain, iyo shirkadaha ku fulisay shuqullada quuska.

Isla mar ahaantaana in 1942 ay sabab u tahay adkayn xaaladda, Xulafada tallaabooyin degdeg ah loo qaaday. Maraakiibtan American diray inay ilaaliyaan kolonyo ah arrin koox dad ah oo cajiib ah, oo ka kooban laba dagaalka, laba Cruiser iyo lix baabbi'in. Ha leexan joogo iyo amarka Soviet. Haddii ka hor inta Northern Fleet ku qaadeen weelashii gaadiidka taararka gaar ah oo kaliya loogu talagalay maraakiibta Ujeedada this, hadda la diray ayay u wada, iyada oo aan marka laga reebo, ciidamada la heli karo.

feat ee markabka ka mid ah "Old Bolsheviks"

Xataa in deegaan ay ka qayb diyaarad kasta oo loo baahan yahay ee shaqaalaha ee geesinimada iyo geesinimo, waxaa jiray xaalado kuwaas oo si gaar ah loo baahan yahay sifooyinkaasi. Tusaale waxaa ah badbaadinta badmaax Soviet gaariga "Old Bolshevik" weel, kaas oo la sii daayey ka Reykjavik, oo ay la socdaan kolonyada PQ-16. Waxaa laga yaabaa 27, 1942 waxaa lagu weeraray diyaarado iyo bambooyin Jarmal ay sabab u tahay, dabka bilowday hit guddiga.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in on board ahaayeen daraasiin tan oo walxaha qarxa, ayaa baxriyiintii ayaa diiday in ay bixiyaan dhigooda Ingiriisi si ay u tagaan on board mid ka mid ah maraakiibta ay, iyo shaqaalaha oo dhan la dirireen dabka. Siddeed saacadood ka dib, dabka, si joogto ah ugu hanjabay inay qarxaan, la damiyay, iyo "Old Bolshevik" si guul ah lagu qabto inta kale ee maxkamadda, taas oo u tegey on jeeday Murmansk.

Musiibada kolonyo Arctic PQ-17

Masiirka of this kolonyo, kaas oo la sii daayey ka Hvalfjörður June 27, 1942, wuxuu noqday masiibada ugu weyn ee muddo dhan gaarsiinta shixnadaha huwanta on wadada Arctic ah. Waxaa ka dhacay oo ahayd sidii ku danbe si wadajir ah xusay khubaro militari, oo keliya ay sabab u gardarrada ah ee Ingiriiska ayaa, Admiral Pound.

Waxaa oo dhan ku bilaabantay xaqiiqda ah in afar maalmood ka dib, kolonyada la ogaaday by diyaaradaha Jarmal, ilaalisana aagga biyihii Badda Norwegian ah. Waxa uu si degdeg ah ayaa loo diray inay dhexda ciidamada badda iyo hawada waaweyn, weerarka oo British ah loo aqoonsan yahay in ka badan saddex maalmood, laga badiyay seddex weel gaadiidka. Waxaa macquul ah in inta kale ee maxkamadda iyo ka gaadhay lahaa Ahaado, laakiin on July 4, waxa ogaaday in iska dhaqaaqay deked markab iyo iyaga u dhowaanin ugu weyn ee wakhtigaas, markabka Ciidamada Badda Jarmalka - "Tirpitz" markab dagaal.

Rafaa Tani, qalabaysan sideed qoryaha pyatnadtsatidyuymovymi, mid ka mid ahaa awoodaan in ay dhammaan maraakiibta xamuulka ee sokeeye baabbi'iyo ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin wada iyaga iyo ilaalinta maraakiibta la. Barashada of this, Admiral Pound go'aan khaas ah. Waxa uu amar ku bixiyay in maraakiibta si ay u ilaaliyaan in aan la galaan dagaal la markab dagaal oo ay u guuraan meel fog ka badan. Gaadiidka isku maxkamadda lahaa in ay soo kala bixiyeen, oo mid mid ay u raacaan in Murmansk.

Sidaas darteed, "Tirpitz", ma helo fiirsashada cadowga, soo laabtay salka, iyo gaadiidka kala firdhiyey sida ay amarada Admiral ee badda, ayaa noqday bartilmaameed u fudud diyaaradaha cadowga iyo quusta. Statistics of musiibadan u cabsi badan. Oo ka mid ah lix iyo soddon maraakiibta gaadiidka Allied, saddex iyo labaatan ayaa tiimbadeen, oo wada iyaga oo leh bidixda hoose, qaadeen in ay qabatay, saddex iyo badh kun baabuurta, afar boqol iyo afartan taangiyada, iyo laba boqol diyaaradaha iyo qiyaastii boqol oo kun oo tan oo cargoes kala duwan. The laba markab oo dib bay u noqdeen, iyo koob iyo toban keliya gaadhay dekedda leh ee caga. Mid ka mid ah boqol iyo saddex iyo konton qof ayaa ku dhintay iyo saddex boqol oo nolosha la badbaadiyey oo kaliya in uu yimid wakhtigii ay u samatabbixinta, ayaa baxriyiintii Soviet.

Cawaaqibka masiibada

musiibadan ku dhowaad sababay la joojiyo oo dhalmo in Midowga Soofiyeeti alaabta military, iyo kaliya cadaadis ka Moscow ka yar, British ah ayaa lagu qasbay in ay sii wadaan la ballanqaadyadii hore. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka dib markii kolonyo xiga laga badiyay seddex markab oo deijiyey by quusta Jarmal, la sii diraya dib loo dhigay ilaa bilowgii habeenka kala horjeeda.

Ka dib markii kolonyo naxdin badiyay amarka British bedelay faraxsanayn, in ay opinion, codename ku YW PQ, iyo RA. Waxa kale oo jiray isku day ah in geliyo alaabta weelashii gaadiidka hal, laakiin ma aysan soo bixin natiijo la doonayo sidoo kale soo afjartay khasaaraha iyo khasaaro nolosha.

Kaliya ee December 1942, nasiib ciidamada British. In labo ka mid ah kolonyada lagu jiro bisha ay awoodaan si ay u gaaraan sameecadda Murmansk. Waxaa jira cadaymo muujinaya in this ayaa keentay cadho ah Maamulka Kililka ee Hitler, iyo kharash-Chief ka mid ah ciidamada badda ee Grand Admiral Raeder.

Nasiib ka fog naasiga u soo jeestay

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, by markii dagaalka yimid jab Cad. Inta badan maraakiibta dusha Jarmal ayaa u guureen degaanno kale, iyo in muddada 1943-1945 sanad ka dhanka ah kolonyo Allied ida gujis ahaayeen. Tiradoodu hoos u sabab u ah la dagaalanka khasaare, halka warshadaha Jarmal waqti in mar hore ayaa awoodi waayay inuu buuxin.

Dhamaadkii bishii December 1943 Ciidamada Badda ee Jarmalka ayaa laga badiyay mid ka mid ah maraakiibta dagaalka ay ugu fiican - markab "Scharnhorst", tiimbadeen by British ah iyadoo isku dayaysa in ay weeraraan Arctic kolonyo sita horyaalka YP-55. Sidoo kale qaddar murugo qaybsan flagship ee Naval Ciidamada ee Germany - markab dagaal ah "Tirpitz". Ma dagaalka ma ku biiro, waxaa lagu halligay diyaaradaha British si toos ah ugu dabanayaan.

baxriyiintii Contribution of Powers Allied si guul ah

Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalka, ka kolonyo Arctic, photos of kuwaas oo lagu soo bandhigay warqad u dhiibay in dalkeena afar milyan iyo badh oo tan oo xamuul military iyo cunto, kaas oo ahaa in ku dhow soddon boqolkiiba size ee gargaarka Midowga dhan. Iyadoo la tixgelinayo gaar ah si ay hub, waxaa la gaarsiiyey woqooyi oo ugu yaraan kala bar lacagta total bixisay Midowga Soviet, Britain iyo America. Total kolonyo Arctic fuliyay agagaarka degdeg ah soohdintooda German-qabsadeen 1398 weel gaadiidka.

Sannadkan, dadweynaha ee dalkeenna, iyo sidoo kale Maraykanka iyo UK ay u dabaal-degtaa sannadguuradii ee kolonyo ugu horeysay Arctic. Waxa ay ahayd taariikh aad u muhiim ah. sokeeye hore u dabaaldageyso sannadguuradii 75aad. kolonyo Arctic ayaa door muhim ah in guuldaradii ee Nazi Germany, in qiimaha lama quudhsan karin, oo sidaas daraaddeed dabaal ah oo abaabulan, waayo munaasabadda in Pomorie, qaadan baaxadda ku haboon. Waxay waxaa ka soo qayb galay wufuud ka sagaal dal.

ka Severodvinsk iyo Arkhangelsk reebo, si ay u xusaan munaasabadaha this dabaal, ayaa sidoo kale lagu qabtay Murmansk iyo St. Petersburg, halkaas oo labo sano ka hor waxaa jiray taallo u kolonyo Arctic. Horaantii, halkaas tiir xusuus ah in xusuustiisa ka qaybgalayaasha kuwa dhacdooyinka geesinimada la aasaasay Murmansk.

Inta lagu guda jiro dabaal ku soo bandhigay TV-ga Ruushka, ka dhigay by filim American 2001 documentary ah "kolonyo Arctic Allied ee 1941-1945.". Iyada oo film movie this ee isku wadanka yihiin our ay awoodaan si ay u bartaan badan oo ku saabsan dhacdooyinka in ay biloowday in ay sano oo dagaal ku meel badda ah latitudes waqooyiga.