Dhererka dhulbaraha

Wixii ugu naga of erayga "dhulbaraha" waxa uu la xidhiidhaa line in kala qaybinaya our dunida dacaladeeda laba qaybood. Marka tan la eego, ma aha la yaab leh in dadka ka codsanaynaa Waa maxay dhulbaraha? Dhulbaraha - waa line ah khayaali ah oo la si sax ah intersects dusha sare of our Earth diyaarad, taas waxaa loo arkaa inay dadab iyo in ay dhidibka of wareeg ee caalamka iyo waddaa iyada oo xarunta. Iyada oo eray laatiin ah "Aequator" tarjumayaa "barbaraha." line Tani - caadiga bilaabatay tirinta loolka loo siman yahay si dhulbaraha 0 digrii.

Dhererka dhulbaraha waa 40 075 676 km, khadadka haray (isku midka ah) had iyo jeer waa ka yar oo dhererkeedu. Inta khadadka uu si joogto ah habeen iyo maalinba waa u siman yihiin. Taasi dhulbaraha qaybiyaa meeraha laba barka, Koonfurta iyo Waqooyiga. sanadkii laba jeer, inta lagu guda jiro maailnta dayrta iyo gu'ga, qorraxda waa on waa ay soo gebogabeeyey. maailnta The vernal dhaco on March 20-21, iyo dayrta - on September 23. In kuwa maalmood, qorraxda waa si toos ah dusha, iyo waxyaabaha ku aadan tuuray hoosku.

saynisyahano dhulbaraha Length xisaabiyaa sida ay caanaha 2πR ah, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in dhulka ma aha spherical qaab, oo u waasiciyo oo ah qaab ellipse ah (gudbikaraa, simay ee ulaha laga gelin lahaa). Si kastaba ha ahaatee, gacan ah ee caalamka ku meel gaar qaatay, waayo, gacan ah ee ka howgala. dhererka Land ee dhulbaraha waa line ugu dheer oo berkedda oo dhulka. Dhab ahaantii xiiso leh waa in ay soo gudubtaa 14 dal.

Haddii aan ka guurto suusho Greenwich dhankeeda bari, dhulbaraha gudbo dalalka sida Sao Tome iyo Principe Badweynta Atlantic ee, ka dibna Gabon, Congo, Kenya, Uganda iyo Soomaaliya ee Africa. Guuritaanka ay weheliyaan Badweynta Hindiya, waxa ku dhex socda Maldives iyo Indonesia. In Pacific, dhulbaraha gudbo jasiiradda of Kiribati iyo Baker, tirsan Maraykanka, ka dibna - Ecuador, Colombia iyo Brazil, kuwaas oo ku yaala qaaradda South American. Wadamadaas waxaa ugu kulul caalamka.

Dhererka dhulbaraha markii ugu horeysay xisaabiyaa ee qadiimiga ah ee Giriiga aqoonyahan Eratosthenes, kuwaas oo ahaa kaliya ma ahan xisaab weyn, geographer, Abwaan, laakiin sidoo kale astronomer ah. By qiyaaso waqtiga lagu jiro taas oo fallaaraha qorraxda ee ay gaaraan hoose ee ceelka, saynisyahan ahaa awoodaan si ay u xisaabiso gacan ka mid ah caalamka oo u ogaato waxa dhererka dhulbaraha. xisaabaha Kuwanu waa qiyaas, laakiin waxa ay u badan ayaa la siiyaa jiilalka mustaqbalka ee saynisyahano in si sax ah loo xisaabiyo dhererka khadka khayaali ah. Eratosthenes Kirensk waxa uu ku dhashay 276 BC oo ku dhintay 194 BC

Waxay ahayd mid ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta ugu weyn dunida qadiimiga ah. Waxa uu ku dhashay magaalada Greek oo reer Kuranaya ah, iyo III Euergetes ahaa mas'uul ka ah maktabadda ee Alexandria, at martiqaad ee King Blotemigii. aqoonyahan weyn u dhintay gaajo ee saboolnimada looga cabsado, laakiin hoos taariikhda u baxay sidii cilmi dhakhso leh hab aan caadi ahayn in ay sayniska. Dhererka dhulbaraha waa loo siman yahay si ay 252 kun marxaladaha Eratosphen, taas oo ah 39 690 km. Abuuraha reer juqraafiga xisaabta iyo jirka, Eratosthenes arinta daahfurtay in sameeyey weyn meelo badan. nin Modern waa mid aad u adag in la fahmo sida cilmiga ah, iyo alaabtooda oo no, ayaa xisaabiyaa waxa dhererka dhulbaraha, qaladka ah oo kaliya 386 kilomitir.

saynisyahano badan iyo xisaabyahannada, cirbixiyeyaasha iyo ka dib sidoo kale isku dayay in uu xisaabiyo dhererka dhulbaraha. Holland Snell qarnigii hore XVII, la soo jeediyey si loo xisaabiyo qiimaha this iyada oon loo eegin in caqabado kala kulantay. In qarnigii XVIII ah xisaabinta sida dhab ah ku lug saynisyahano ka France. Ruushka sidoo kale aan ka tagay, waxaana ay qeyb ka sayniska, taas oo inoo ogolaatay si loo ogaado waxa ay tahay dhererka dhulka ee dhulbaraha. Agaasimaha Observatory Pulkovo ku V.Ya.Struve qaatay cabbirka degrees in muddada u dhaxaysa 1822 in 1852 sano, iyo in 1941 cilmiga Soofiyeeti iyo sahmiyaha FN Krasovsky ahaa awoodaan si ay u xisaabiso dhererka ellipse ee jidhadhka dhulka ka kaas oo kada saynisyahano casriga ah adduunka oo dhan, tan iyo markii ay la aqoonsan yahay sida cabbirka.