Guryaha kiimikada ee alkanes

Methane iyo homologs yeedhay xadka (cokan) Consort paraffinic ama alkanes. The walxaha organic ugu dambeysay ee la odhan jiray (qaacidada guud kiimikada CnH2n + 2, kaas oo ka tarjumaya robab ah ee u taagoo, atamka kuwaas oo lala by bonds covalent fudud carbon-hydrogen ama carbon-carbon) waxaa loo qoondeeyey si waafaqsan isku waydaarsanayeen Caalamiga ah ee kiimiko. Waxay leeyihiin laba ilaha ugu weyn: saliidda cayriin iyo gaaska dabiiciga ah. Guryaha ee alkanes in taxane ah oo homologous kordha tirada Britain ee atamka carbon si joogto ah bedelay.

Afarta xubnood ee ugu horreeya taxanaha homologous ayaa magacyada taariikh ahaan la aasaasay. Consort, iyaga gadaal ka yihiin muujinaysaa by tiro Greek afjaridda Gogol. Miisaanka uu leeyahay qaraabo kelli ah hydrocarbon kasta oo isku xigta oo kala duwan oo ka mid ah la soo dhaafay by 14 AMU guryaha jirka ah ee alkanes, sida dhibic barafku (solidification) iyo daartu (uumiga), cufnaanta iyo kororka index Refractive la sii kordhaya miisaanka kelli. Iyada oo butane methane - gaasaska la pentane at pentadecane-dareere, raaceen by cunnooyinka adkaha ah. All oo iswayneeya waa xumbo biyaha iyo ma milaan waxa ku jira. Waayo, alkanes ka mid ah:

• CH4 - methane;
• C2H6 - ethane;
• C3H8 - propane;
• C4H10 - butane;
• C5H12 - pentane;
• C6H14 - hexane;
• C7H16 - heptane;
• C8H18 - falkaas,
• C9H20 - nonane;
• C10H22 - Dean,
• C11H24 - undecane;
• C12H26 - dodecane;
• C13H28 - tridecane;
• C14H30 - tetradecane;
• C15H32 - pentadecane;
• C16H34 - hexadecane;
• C17H36 - heptadecane;
• C18H38 - octadecane;
• C19H40 - nonadecan;
• C20H42 - eicosane iyo wixii la mid ah.

guryaha kiimikada ee alkanes leeyihiin hawl yar yahay. Tan waxa u sabab xoogga qaraabo ah bonds aan kala horjeeda C-C iyo low-C-H, iyo robab ah u taagoo ah. All atamka ku xiran yihiin hal σ-bonds in ay adag tahay in la burburiyo sababtoo ah polarizability hooseeyo. Dillaaca iyaga ka mid ah ee lagu xaqiijin karaa oo keliya xaaladaha qaarkood, xag loo sameeyay, kuwaas oo ah magacyadii ah xeryahooda paraffinic la badalka xiritaan. Tusaale ahaan, propane - propyl (C3H7-), ethane - ethyl (C2H5-), methane - methyl (CH3-) iyo wixii la mid ah.

guryaha kiimikada ee alkanes yidhaahdo oo ku saabsan inertness xeryahooda kuwan. Iyagu ma ay awood u reactions intaa dheer. Caadiga ah ee kuwani waa reaction bedelay a. Qayilo (sari) waxay dhacdaa keliya Consort paraffinic heerkulka kacsantahay. Waxay la oxidized kartaa in alcohols, aldehydes iyo acids. Sida a kreginga natiijada (habka cholesterol kaamerada of Consort) alkanes sare at heerkul ah 450 550 ° C waxaa laga yaabaa in foomka cokan Consort la miisaan hoose kelli. Iyada oo korodhka ee heerkulka kala daatay kaamerada waxaa lagu magacaabaa pyrolysis.

guryaha kiimikada ee alkanes ma ku xiran tahay oo kaliya on tirada atamka carbon ee Britain, laakiin sidoo kale on qaab-dhismeedka. All paraffins caadi ah in la kala saari karaan (mid la eb C waxaa ku xiran karaan wax ka badan laba atamka carbon) iyo ISO-dhismeedka (atom C waxaa ku xiran in afar kale C-atamka dhex Britain ayaa waxa uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedka a da'ayeen). Tusaale ahaan, pentane, 2,2-dimethylpropane leeyihiin miisaan la mid ah kelli iyo C5H12 formula kiimikada, laakiin kiimikada iyo guryaha jirka ah waxay ku kala duwan: dhibic xaabo laga jaray 129,7 ° C iyo jaray 16,6 ° C, 36,1 ° C kulayl iyo 9,5 ° C, siday u kala horreeyaan. Isomers u fududahay in ay galaan falgalka kiimikada ka badan dhismeedka caadiga ah ee Consort ay tiro isku mid ah atamka C.

kiimikaad caadiga ah ee alkanes - a reaction bedelay, kaas oo ka mid ah halogenation ama sulfonation. falcelinta ee chlorine la shito by farsamo xagjirka sarkhaansan yihiin kulaylka ama iftiin ahaan methane warankiilada: chloromethane CH3Cl, dichloromethane CH2Cl2, trichloromethane CHCl3 iyo tetrachloride carbon CCl4. Marka alkanes sulfonation hoos iftiin UV, chlorides sulfonyl laga helo: R-H + SO2 + Cl2 → R-SO2-cl + HCL. Waxyaabahani waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka surfactant.