Counter - toobadda waa mucaaradka dabiici ah in xaaqan Europe ee qarniyo XVI-XVII. Hortagayo lumay dareenka oo dhan of Church Catholic saamiga ahaa mid aad u xoog badan iyo ballaarinta iyo aad u badan, si deg deg ah in Vatican-ka ayaa lagu qasbay in ay ka jawaabaan oo la hirgeliyo jawaabaha dabooli dalal badan oo Europe.
reciprocation
Counter - waa tallaabo aarsi adag, taas oo loogu talagalay in lagu xoojiyo iimaanka Catholic iyo dib u soo celinta kalsoonida hay'adda of popes ah. dharbaaxo The toobadda ruxmay aasaaskii Church Catholic ah, laakiin in la dilo si buuxda iyo kediyeen markii lagu qabtay the-Counter toobadda. taariikhyahanadu Qaar ka mid ah waxay aaminsan yihiin in labadan dhaqdhaqaaq xoog badan wakiil fallaago ah oo ka dhan ah dal yar sare ee Italy, oo wakhtigaas ahaa aadka u caqli gobolka free. In taageero of caddaynta tani waa xaqiiqada ah in cadhadii ee xadgudubyada of Church Catholic waxay bilaabeen in Germany ka dib markii hadalka Martina Lyutera, markaas qabsadey France, England, Holland, Spain, Czech Republic iyo Switzerland. Italy wakhtigaas ayaa u neceb yahay in qof kasta halmaamay ku saabsan dhashay ee Renaissance ah. Counter - Tani waxay jawaab Talyaani-Isbaanish deriskooda ah.
hub ugu weyn ee ka-hortagga toobadda
Jooji dhaqdhaqaaq dibad ayaa ka caawiyay abuuro 1534 by Ignatius Loyola Jesuit Order. Kooxda reer Talyaani ayaa hore u soo horjeeda istaahila shaqsiyad sida Martin Luther, Zhan Kalvin, Yan Gus. Waxaa laga yaabaa in jawaabta of Church Catholic ee ma noqon doono sidii wax ku ool ah, haddii nidaamka laftiisa uusan aad u jecel yihiin in ay leedahay in toobaddii iyo xoraynta dembiyadii uu kaas oo lagu eedeeyay horjeeda. Taasi waa sababta the-Counter toobadda - sidoo kale waa isku day ah in nadiifinta dhalashadii labaad hoose ee kiniisadda kaatooligga. At dhankeedi ahaayeen ciidamada arrin awood - amiirradii reer koonfurta Germany iyo Italy, Charles Emperor ee V ah, Pope of Roman Empire Quduuska ah iyo King of Spain, Philip II. alaabtii ay ugu waaweyni waxay ahaayeen amarrada monastic, waa inay xaalkaas iyo Roman Curia ah. Xaalkaas laftiisa, keenaya oo ay la socdaan ganacsiga ee indulgences waa qanacsanayn weyn iyo dhirif dadka, iyo in 1542 waxaa la soo jeesan oo noqday gudbinta le'daan toos ah.
dhacdooyinka bilaabaan
Counter-toobadkeenidda in Europe waa set oo ah tallaabooyin on qayb ka mid ah Church Catholic si uu u soo celiyo sharaftoodii. In 1545 waxa lagu qabtay by Golaha Trent. At hindisaha of Paul III ee, ka dibna Pope, in weerar sedexleey ah socday XIX Council Ecumenical, dhaadhacay taariikhda magaca Serdikskogo. Sida hadalka Martina Lyutera ka dibna ay qodbay uu caan "95 theses" albaabka kiniisadda Wittenberg waxaa loo arkaa bilowga ah in toobaddii iyo Cathedral XIX waa biloowga of the-Counter toobadda ah. Waxaa dhamaaday 1563 oo aan shaki ku jirin, xoogaystay booska uu ka soo galaya. Mid ka mid ah dhacdooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee cathedral ee, ogolaanaya gacanta ku sii badan in ka badan maskaxda muwaadiniinta, wuxuu ahaa Abuuridda Index of buugaagta mamnuuc, baajiyay kaliya ee 1966 iyo socday afar qarniyo. The in toobaddii iyo Counter-toobadkeenidda in Europe leeyihiin sababaha asalka iyo soo jeeda, in guntiisa ku soo galaya iyo kiristaanka ee guud ahaan ku dhuunta.
tawbadkeenka dembile
Counter-toobadkeenidda Yurub waxaa inta badan ku xiran ay si of Jesuits ah, abuuray 1534 iyo sharciyayn Pope Paul III ee 1540. On sida aadka ah uu sameeyey ee-Counter toobadda, ayaa sheegay in uu halku ugu weyn - "Dhamaadka xaq yahay." Its waxtarka ahaa sharaxay by Order ka mid ah qalabka qaab military, edbinta ugu daran iyo adeecid, heerka ugu sareeya ee waxbarasho ee Jesuits iyo iyagoo u kaliyeeli Cibaadada dhammaadka lahayn in ay soo galaya. Jesuits The ku noolaa dunida oo caan ah sida uu cadaawadda, iyo dhaqdhaqaaqa adeegayaasha ah. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in inta badan sintaan Haweejkiinna dhexdooda ku wanaagsan - oo ah mid dembi hore naaneys. Sida laga soo xigtay Diderot, dhalinyarada Loyola xamaasadeysan oo qaatay in dagaallo iyo iska tumaya. cadaadis naxariis darada iyo xasuuq jirka ah kufaar ka dhigay erayga "Jesuit" magaca qoyska, kaas oo lagu daabacay iskuna, khiyaano iyo baseness. Mar dabshid shidmay Europe oo dhan. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waxaa lagu gubay 1600 by Giordano Bruno.
All aan laga badiyay
"The Society of Ciise," Ignatiya Loyoly, kuwaas oo u diriray khayroon daahirnimo rumaysadka, si ay u joojiyaan hore ee Protestant, oo aan siin isaga qabsoomayn Italy, Spain, Austria. In France, ka dib markii xasuuq lagu hoobtay ee St. Bartolomayos, kaas oo ka dhacay 1572, markii 30,000 Huguenots, dulqaadasho diinta aasaasay way ka xanaaqeen. steel Protestant Sweden, England, Prussia, Saxony iyo Denmark. The in toobaddii iyo Counter-toobadkeenidda Yurub - waxaa wakiil ka ah dagaallo diimeed oo ka mid ah links ka mid silsilad. khilaafka u dhexeeya Protestant iyo Catholic Church ee ahaa in ay ku dhameysan 30-kii oo keliya ka dib markii rag ay awood. Peace of Westphalia, saxiixay 1648, wicitaan ee Xuquuqda kiniisadda. Diinta cusub fikiray dembiyadii weyn ee caajisnimada, iyo raaxo barwaaqo iyo extravagance. Waxaa si buuxda u waafaqsan tahay shuuciyad ka soo baxaya. Dadka beeray jecel yihiin in ay sameeyaan lacag iyo taajir, iyo tartanka soo baxaya. Waxaan odhan karaa in toobaddii iyo Counter-toobadkeenidda qeyb ka ah ee xiriirka dhaqaale ee cusub iyo qaababka beddelo. In xerada, halkaas oo galaya ayaa ku wareejiyay ay, shuuciyad yimid badan ka dib.