Aragtida dardaro ee Evolution

Aragtida dardaro ee Evolution waxaa la abuuray oo ku saleysan ururka ee 20-kii sano ee ecology, genetics iyo Darwinism. Maanta, waxaa loo arkaa ugu dhameystiran iyo in la horumariyo arrin dhamaystiran. Aragti dardaro ee horumar bixitaankii ay genetics dadka classical iyo Darwinism.

The ugu horeysay inay soo bandhigto hab hidde ahaa Chetverikov Sergey. In 1926 wuxuu daabacay maqaal halkaas oo horumar nolosha (ee dhinacyada qaar ka mid ah) ayaa loo arkaa ka barta of view of genetics. In uu shaqo Chetverikov keenay dhowr qodobo. Tusaale ahaan iyaga ka mid ah dadka dabiiciga ah ee Drosophila qaaday. Sayidka, saynisyahan ka helay kuwa soo socda:

1. Isbedelo ee dabiiciga ah si joogto ah ay dhacaan.
2. isbedel Recessive jiri karaa muddo aan la cayimin ee gobolka heterozygous.
3. Iyada oo Isbedelo uruursado at nooc ka mid ah calaamadaha waxaa furmeen muddo (sida ay u sii gabowdid).
4. Sababaha ugu waaweyn ee interspecies ku kaladuwan yihiin kala duwanaanshaha hidaha iyo go'doon.
5. Panmixia (isgoyska free) keenaysaa in polymorphism iyo xulashada - monomorphism ka mid ah noocyada.

Fikradda lagu soo bandhigay Chetverikov, waxay muujinaysaa in raasamaal ee hab Isbedelo random ka qayb jihooyinka qabsiga, oo ku saabsan koorsada horumarinta. horumarinta joogtada ah ee wax ku barayay geneticists Ruush sida Romashov, Timofeev Resovskii Vavilov, Dubinin iyo kuwa kale. Shuqullada oo ka mid ah iyo tirooyin kale sameeyay meel on taas oo aragtida ah isku dardaro ee horumar.

Sannaddii 30 of Wright Holdeymsa, Fischer dhigay saldhigga horumarka waxbarashada ee reer galbeedka.

Mid ka mid ah shuqulladii ugu horeysay halkaas oo aragti isku dardaro ee horumar, in ay nuxurka, hawsha allifaadda ku Dobzhansky waxaa soo jeedo ee noocyada iyo genetics. In warqad this dareenka uu diiradda saarey waxbarasho oo ka mid ah hababka dadka hidaha ee nidaamka waafaqsan saamaynta arrimo kala duwan. arrimaha, si gaar ah, waxaa ka mid ah tirayn hidde, isbedbedelka ee tirada dadka marka la eego dadka kala duwan, socdaalka. saamayn weyn iyo sababaha horumar iyo go'doomin taranka waxaa la aasaasay gudahood noocyada a noocyada cusub.

Ma kaalin fiican horumarinta barayay Schmalhausen. Iyadoo la tixraacayo ururka hal abuur leh ee embryology, aragti evolutionary, paleontology, fataahadda iyo genetics, culumadu sameeyay qoto-dheer cilmi phylogeny ratio iyo ontogeny, baaritaan ah isbeddellada muhiimka ah ee horumar ah iyo in la horumariyo tiro ka mid ah qodobada asaasiga ah ee aragtida casriga ah.

Ka mid ah booska muhiimka ah ee cilmi-baarista aasaasiga ah waa shuqulkii Huxley, "Evolution. Avv The casriga ah". Of muhiimadda weyn ayaa sidoo kale daraasadda of foomamka iyo heerka horumarka by Simpson sameeyey.

Aragti dardaro ku salaysan yahay postulates waaweyn kow iyo toban. Ay Vorontsov eray diyaariyey.

1. Isbedelo, isbedel yar Discrete in hiddo waxaa loo arkaa wax evolutionary in uu yahay random.
2. Main, ilaa xad, xitaa kaliya ciidan wadista ka dambeeya horumarka waxaa loo arkaa inay xulashada dabiiciga ah, kaas oo ku salaysan doorashada ee Isbedelo yar oo nasiib ah.
3. unit ugu yar waxaa loo arkaa inay dadka kordhaysa.
4. Horumarinta ayaa Fadilid (si tartiib ah) iyo nooca joogtada ah.
5. View ka mid ah unugyada badan tooska iyo waqti isku mid ah garan (morphologically, hiddo iyo physiologically), laakiin ma reproductively go'doon.
6. Evolution u baahan tahay sifooyinka kala ah.
7. hiddo-Feed (alleles dhaafsadaan) waxaa loo oggol yahay oo keliya gudahood noocyada a. Marka tan la eego, waa (a noocan) waxaa loo arkaa inay nidaamka isku dhafan iyo hiddo u xiran yihiin.
8. Nooca hantida ma khuseeyaan foomamka in asexually soo saari by parthenogenesis iyo.
9. Macroevolution dhacdaa by microevolutionary.
10. taxon Real ayaa asal ahaan monofiliticheskoe (waxaa loola jeedaa mid ka mid ah foomka ay isirka).
11. Evolution waa hab aan la saadaalin karin, ayaa dabeecadda non-jiho yoolka kama dambaysta ah.