All Mendeleev furitaanka

saynisyahan Ruush Dmitri Mendeleev (1834-1907) waxaa wanaagsan ee loo yaqaan sharcigiisa wareegsan xubno kiimikada, miiska la dhisay oo ku saleysan oo ay ahaayeen yaqaanaan in qof kasta oo weli dugsiga. Laakiin dhab ahaantii, saynisyahan weyn uu xiiseynayo in noocyo kala duwan oo dhinacyada aqoonta. Mendeleyev Discovery la xiriira kiimikada, physics, METROLOGY, dhaqaalaha, cilmi dhul, waxbarashada, aeronautics iyo t D..

sharciga periodic

sharciga wakhtiyeysan - mid ka mid ah sharciyada asaasiga ah ee dabiiciga ah. Waa been in xaqiiqda ah in sifooyinka xubno ka kiimikada ku xiran tahay miisaankooda qaaradda. Mendeleev helay sharciga wareegsan ee 1869. Kaamil ay kacaanka cilmiyeed loo aqoonsaday by farmashiye ee hal mar.

cilmi Ruushka ayaa soo jeediyay nidaamka sharciga-maamuli ah, kaas oo ay suurto gal ahayd in la saadaaliyo la garanayn haddii waxyaalaha kiimikada iyo xataa hantidooda. Ka dib markii furitaanka ugu dhakhsaha badan (waa gallium, germanium iyo scandium), saynisyahano ka soo adduunka oo bilaabay inuu aqoonsado dabeecadda aasaasiga ah ee sharciga wareegsan.

daahfurka Mendeleev ee ka dhacay waqti marka sayniska waxaa xoojiyey xaqiiqooyinka cusub kala firdhay oo ku saabsan adduunka inagu xeeran. Taas darteed, sharciga wareegsan oo wuxuu dhisay oo ku saleysan uu miiska wareegsan ee walxood oo lagu soo food saartay caqabado dhab ah. Tusaale ahaan, in 1890. Waxaa la helay gaasas sharaf iyo ifafaale ee shucaaca. Difaacida uu aragti Mendeleev sii waday in ay miiska loogu qaado, waxa uu xiriir la leh oo dhan xaqiiqooyinka cusub ee sayniska. In 1900, farmashiyaha saaray argon, helium iyo analogues ay koox oo kala duwan oo ah eber. Waqti ka, dabeecadda aasaasiga ah ee sharciga wareegsan waxaa noqday iyo aad u badan qaarkood, oo maanta uu waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah daahfurtay ugu weyn ee taariikhda sayniska dabiiciga ah.

cilmi silicate

sharciga wakhtiyeysan - waa page aad u muhiim ah in taariikhda sayniska, laakiin helitaanka Mendeleev in chemistry waxa aan ahaa dhamaadka. In 1854 wuxuu bartay orthite Finnish iyo pyroxene. Sidoo kale waa mid ka mid ah wareegyada shuqullada Mendeleyev u huray in kiimikada ee silicates. In 1856, cilmiga lagu daabacay sha "mugga gaar ah" (sidii loo qiimeeyo xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya qadarka maalka iyo dabeecadihiisa). In cutubka on xeryahooda silica Dmitry Ivanovich faah on nooca silicates. Intaas waxaa sii dheer, isagoo ah kii kowaad siiyey fasiraadda si sax ah loo arrin gobolka madxafka.

gaaska

helitaanka hore ee Mendeleev ayaa la xiriira kiimiko kale oo jirka waqti isku mid ah theme ah - waxbarasho ee gaasaska. saynisyahan A ku hawlan it in, nuugo in search for sababaha sharciga periodicity. In qarnigii XIX oo duurka ku of science ayaa aragtida ugu horeeysa oo ka mid ah "ether adduunka" - dhexdhexaad ah oo dhan garanweydaan kaas oo lagu wareejiyay kulaylka, iftiinka iyo maamuus.

By waxbarasho la xiqiijiyay in this, cilmi-Ruush in qaar ka mid ah gunaanad muhiim u yimid. Sayidka furitaanka ee physics ku wareegsan, ugu weyn ka mid ah kaas oo la odhan karaa waa muuqaalka isla'egta gaaska fiican la joogto gaaska universal. Intaa waxaa dheer, Dmitri Ivanovich qiyaasta heerkulka thermodynamic u gaar ah ayaa la soo jeediyey.

Total Mendeleev daabacay 54 shuqullada u huray in gaasaska iyo cabitaanno. The ugu caansan uu ahaa "dunida Experience ether fikradaha kiimikada" wareegga this (1904) iyo "Isku day si ay u fahmaan aether dunida kiimikada" (1905). In ay shaqada, saynisyahano isticmaashay virialnye bandhigga, Kuna aasaaskii isleegyo casri ah loo dhigay gaasas dhabta ah.

xal

Dmitri Mendeleev uu xiiseynayo in uu mustaqbalkiisa xal sayniska oo dhan. Cilmibaadhe on this topic uma uu dayn Aragti dhamaystiran, laakiin la xadidin a theses aasaasiga yar. The dhibic ugu muhiimsan ee ku saabsan xal uu ka fiirsaday xiriirka u xeryahooda, chemistry iyo hoganaya kiimikada ee xal.

All Mendeleev furitaanka ku imtixaannay marayo tijaabo. Qaar ka mid ah dhibic karaya welwelsan of xal ah. Iyada oo threads falanqaynta Caddaynay Mendeleev in 1860 sano garawsannay in, hoos uumiga reflux marayay, dareere u lumiya kulaylka of vaporization iyo xiisad dusha hoos u dhac ku yimid. Sidoo kale, saynisyahano Dmitri Ivanovich xalka saamayn ku formation of aragti of xal elektrolytka.

Mendeleev muhiim ah oo u muuqday in uu waqti ku saabsan aragtida ah ee dissociation electrolytic. Haddii aan diido fikradda aad, saynisyahan ku tilmaamay baahida loo qabo in ay dib u eegis, kaas oo si toos ah ee la xiriira in uu shaqada on xal kiimikada.

Kaloy aeronautics

Dmitri Mendeleev, daahfurtay iyo guulaha qarinaya dhinacyo kala duwan ee aqoonta aadanaha, xiiso ma aha oo kaliya in ay maaddooyinka cilmiga, laakiin waxay Been sidoo kale codsatay. dhammaadkii qarnigii XIX la calaamadeeyay by xiisaha ay aeronautics curdinka kordhay. Dabcan, aqoonyahanka Ruushka ah ma kaa gargaari kara laakiin bixiso si qof ee mustaqbalka dareenka. In 1875 wuxuu abuuray uu Feguson mashruuc gaar ah. In aragtida, qalabka xataa kori karo gelin layers Hawada sare. In dhaqanka, duulimaadka ugu horeeya ee sida qaaday sano oo kaliya konton ka dib.

war abuurashadoodii kale Mendeleev waxaa ka shaqeeya on matoorada biibiilaha. Aeronautics saynisyahano xiiso, ma ugu yaraan marka la eego in uu shaqo kale oo la xiriira yaqanaan saadaasha cimilada iyo gaasaska. In 1887, Mendeleev dhigay diyaarad imtixaanka ku buufin ah. Buufin maamula si ay u daboosho fogaan ah oo 100 kiiloomitir at sare ah ee ku dhow 4 kilomitir. Inta lagu guda jiro farmashiyaha horyaalka iyadu heshay aerostatic bilad dahab ah oo Faransiis Academy of Saadaasha hawada. In uu hawsha allifaadda ku saabsan iska caabin ah ee arrimaha deegaanka, Mendeleev ka go'an aeronautics mid ka mid ah qaybaha kuwaas oo si faahfaahsan tilmaamay aragtidiisa ku saabsan mowduucan. xiisaha cilmiga ah ee horyaal horumarka duulista Alexander Mozhaiskogo.

Horumarinta ee Waqooyiga iyo Dhismaha maraakiibta

daahfurka Applied Mendeleev ee, liiska oo ka mid ah taas oo sii wadi karaan sida berrinkii Dhismaha maraakiibta, ka dhigay in iskaashi la guutadii wax cilmi juquraafi. Sidaas daraaddeed, Dmitri Ivanovich marka hore la soo jeediyey fikrad ah ee taangiga jiiday - Mudanayaasha tijaabo ah looga baahan yahay waxbarashada hydro-farsamo ee lagu daydo markabka. In hirgelinta fikradaha cilmiga ee ka caawiyay Admiral Stepan Makarov. Dhinaca mid, pool loo baahan yahay ujeedo ganacsi iyo military-farsamo, laakiin waqti isku mid ah, waxa uu cadeeyay waxtar leh si sayniska. Tijaabooyin set-bilaabay 1894.

Intaa waxaa dheer, Mendeleev dhisay noocooda hore ee qalada bi'iyo ah. saynisyahan ayaa waxaa ka mid ah in guddiga doortay mashruuca bixinta dadweynaha ee ugu horeysay ee adduunka ee markabka noocan oo kale ah. Waxay noqday qalada bi'iyo ah "Ermak" bilaabay 1898. Mendeleev waxaa ku hawlan cilmi biyo badda (oo ay ku jiraan ay cufnaanta). Qoraalkani wuxuu ku waxbarasho waxaa ka mid ah waxay bixisaa oo dhan isku mid ah, Admiral Makarov, kuwaas oo ahaa dalxiis oo dunida ka mid ah "Vityaz" a. daahfurka Mendeleev ee juqraafiga, arrinta mawduuca of qabsashadii of North ah, ayaa lagu soo bandhigay in saynisyahano in ka badan 36 shuqullada la daabacay.

METROLOGY

Waxa intaa dheer in cilmiga kale, Mendeleev xiiso METROLOGY - sayniska ee habka iyo hababka cabbirka. Seynisyahanno ka shaqeeya si ay u horumariyaan habab cusub oo miisaankeedu yahay. Sida farmashiyaha ah, wuxuuna ka mid ahaa u doode ah hababka cabbirka kiimikada. daahfurka Mendeleev ee, liiska oo ahaa buuxsameen sanad kasta, ma ahaayeen oo kaliya sayniska, laakiin macno ahaan - in 1893, Dmitri Ivanovich furay Chamber Main ee Miisaanka iyo Russia. Waxa uu sidoo kale abuurtay design iyo detent gaar ah ay rookaha.

pyrocollodion

In 1890, Dmitry Mendeleyev tegey safar dheer dibada, ujeedada taas oo ahayd in ay bartaan laboratories shisheeye ee horumarka ah ee qarxa. saynisyahan waxay kor u qaadeen mowduucan la fayl ee gobolka. Admiralty uu ka codsaday in ay gacan ka geystaan horumarinta Baaruud ganacsiga Ruush. bilaabaha ee safarka Mendeleev ahaa ku-xigeenka Admiral Nikolai Chikhachev.

Mendeleev rumeysan yahay in porohodelii gudaha ugu baahan yahay si loo horumariyo dhinaca dhaqaalaha iyo ganacsiga. Waxa uu sidoo kale shaaca ka on isticmaalka ee soo saaridda ee alaabta ceeriin gaar Ruush. natiijada ugu weyn ee shaqo ee Dmitri Mendeleev degaanka oo intaasu waxay ahayd horumarinta iyaga ka mid ah in 1892, pyrocollodion cusub, caan ah ay qiiqa lahayn. Khubarada Milatariga amaanay tayada waxyaabaha qarxa ah. pyrocollodion peculiarity waxa uu ahaa inta ay ka kooban, taas oo ka mid ah milmi a nugul ee nitrocellulose. Diyaarinta soo saarka ee budada cusub, Mendeleev rabay si uu u siiyo yaaqyaaqsi ah mid deggan. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, in soo saaridda ee qarxa reagents dheeraad ah, oo ay ku jiraan dhammaan noocyada kala duwan ee lagu daro ayaa la isticmaalay.

dhaqaalaha

Ugu jaleecada hore, helitaanka Mendeleev bayoolaji ama METROLOGY aan la xidhiidha ay image of farmashiyaha caanka ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xitaa ka sii badan fog ka saynisyahan cilmi sayniska ayaa u huray in dhaqaalaha. Waxay Dmitry Ivanovich aragto si faahfaahsan tilmaamaha horumarinta dhaqaalaha dalka ee. Back ee 1867, uu ku biiray ururka ugu horeysay gudaha ee ganacsatada - Society for Abaabulka Ruush Warshadaha iyo Ganacsiga.

Mendeleev arkay mustaqbalka dhaqaalaha ee horumarinta iskaashatooyinka madax bannaan iyo bulshada. Horumarkan ayaa loogu tala galay dib u habaynta gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, saynisyahano soo jeedinaynaa in la sameeyo bulshada ma ahan oo kaliya beeraha, laakiin hawl warshad mashquul inta lagu jiro xilliga qaboobaha, marka beeraha madhan yihiin. Dmitry Ivanovich horjeeda resales iyo nooc kasta oo wararka la isla dhexmarayo. In 1891, uu ka qayb-galay horumarinta Customs ee canshuur cusub.

Protectionism iyo digga

Mendeleyev, kuwaas oo daahfurtay berrinkii chemistry hoosiis guulihii uu aadanaha, oo dhan cilmiga dhaqaalaha ay qabatay iyadoo ujeedada gebi ahaanba wax ku ool ah oo ku caawinaya Russia. Marka tan la eego, saynisyahan ahaa protectionist joogta ah (in, tusaale ahaan, waxaa ka muuqatay shuqulladiisa in industry ee iyo porohodeliya warqado isaga u gaar ah si ay u Tsar Nicholas II).

Mendeleev bartay dhaqaalaha kala saari Karin waa by tirakoobka. Wax yar ka hor geeridiisa uu ahaa mid ka mid ah uu shuqulladiisa uu tilmaamay in in 2050, dadka Russia ayaa 800 milyan oo qof. Saadaasha of saynisyahan noqday waxbaa la ah ka dib markii labadii dagaal aduunka iyo dagaalka sokeeye, cadaadis iyo masiibooyin kale oo ka dhacay dalka qarnigii XX ah.

gabaynayo spiritism

In qeybtii labaad ee XIX qarnigii Russia ah, sida dadka kale ee dunida, isagoo xaaqan fashion ee mysticism. Fahmayn jeclaan of wakiillo ka socda bulshada sare, Bohemian iyo dadka deggan magaalooyinka caadiga ah. Dhanka kale, helitaanka Mendeleev ee kimistari, liiska oo ka kooban set of dhibcood, hoosiis uu halgan dheer oo uu la spiritualism ka dibna loo jecel yahay.

Hababka Sayniska wada bandhigi ruuxaanta asxaabta ka Physical Ruush ah Society. Iyada oo taxane ah oo tijaabo la manometer iyo Ahraamta loox, iyo sidoo kale qalab kale hypnotists Mendeleyev soo gabagabeeyey in spiritualism oo la mid ah dhaqanka - Sixir oo kaliya, taas oo ka saarka iyo dad qalato faa'iido.