Formula ee chlorophyll iyo kaalinta uu ku leeyahay geeddi-socodka ah ee photosynthesis

Waa maxay sababta cawska, iyo caleemaha on geedaha iyo dhirta cagaaran? Eeda chlorophyll. Waxaad qaadan kartaa xarig xoog leh aqoonta iyo isaga galaan yaqaano xoog leh.

story

Ka dib markii in yar oo dalxiiska ah oo wuxuu galay ee la soo dhaafay ku xad dhow. Joseph Bienaimé Caventou iyo Pierre Zhozef Pellete - in kii aad u baahan tahay inuu gacan qaado. Ragga Science isku dayeen in ay kala caleemaha cagaaran Midabka of dhirta kala duwan. Dadaalka loo caleemo saaray si guul ah 1817.

In ma magacaabo chlorophyll Midabka ah. Laga soo bilaabo chloros Greek - cagaaran iyo phyllon - sheet. Habase yeeshee qorani, ee qarnigii 20aad, Michael Rihard Vilshtetter Color oo aan gaarnay ka timid, waxaa soo baxday, ka mid ah dhowr qaybood ee chlorophyll.

Duuba gacmo uu, Willstätter u baxay inuu ka shaqeeyo. Isdaahirinta iyo crystallization shaaca ka qaaday laba qaybood. iyaga si fudud u yeedha, Alfa iyo beta (a iyo b). Waayo, shuqulladiisa oo duurka ku ah waxbarasho oo ah walaxda in 1915, oo uu ku soo bandhigay abaalmarinta Nobel.

In 1940 Hans Fischer soo jeediyay in adduunka oo dhan kama dambaysta ah ee chlorophyll: "a". King ereygu Robert Burns Woodward iyo dhowr saynisyahano ka America helay 1960. chlorophyll adaanaha. Iyo xal u qarsoodiga - muuqaalka kore ee chlorophyll.

kiimikaad

chlorophyll Formula, ka soo koobin tijaabo go'aamiyey, waa sida soo socota: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N _{5 4} mg. Qaab-dhismeedka ka mid acid organic dicarboxylic (chlorophyllin) iyo khamriga methyl iyo phytol. Chlorophyllin - waa xarunta ah organometallic isagoo xiriir toos ah magniyporfirinam oo ka kooban nitrogen.

COOH

MgN ₄ OH ₃₀ C ₃₂

COOH

Chlorophyll muuqataa Ester ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in qaybo ka haray khamriga methyl CH ₃ OH iyo phytol C ₂₀ H ₃₉ OH bedelay hydrogen kooxaha carboxyl ah.

Kaalinta kor formula dhismaha of chlorophyll Alfa. waxay si taxadar leh u fiirso, waxa loo arki karaa in beta-chlorophyll mid oxygen la eb ka badan laakiin ka yar laba atamka hydrogen (group Cho meel of CH _3). Sidaa awgeed, kelli chlorophyll miisaanka Alfa hoose ka badan beta ah.

In dhexe ee Qurub oo xiiso leh noo arrinta degeen magnesium. Waxaa isku xira in 4 atamka nitrogen oo ka mid ah kooxaha pyrrole. System silsilado double hoose iyo isku xigta oo laga dheehan karo in ay seeduhu pyrrole.

formation Chromophore, dhammaataan taam dhismaha of chlorophyll - taasi waa N. Tani waxay awood u nuugo oo ka mid ah rays gaarka ah ee spectrum qoraxda, iyo midabka, iyadoo aan loo eegayn waxa maalintii qorraxda ka gubtay sida olol, iyo fiidkii sida qori.

Ha naga leexisid in le'eg. Porphyrin dhexroor core of 10 nm, jab fitolny ahayd mid ka dheer 2 nm. In xuduntii, chlorophyll waa 0,25 nm, microparticles u dhexeeya kooxo yar nitrogen pyrrole.

Waa in la ogaadaa in la eb magnesium oo qayb ka ah chlorophyll ah ballaciisu yahay ee nm keliya 0.24, iyo ku ool ah si buuxda u qabanaysa bannaan oo u dhaxeeya atamka nitrogen oo ka mid ah kooxaha pyrrole, taas oo ka dhigaysa muhimka ah ee Britain ay u badan kuwa xoogga badan.

Waxaa suurto gal ah in ay soo gaarnay heer ah in labada qaybood oo hoos badnayn yeedhay Alfa iyo beta, oo ka mid ah chlorophyll (a iyo b).

chlorophyll ah

mass The qaraabo of Britain ah - 893,52. Curi microcrystals soocay joogi madow leh towns buluug ah. At heerkul ah 117-120 degrees Celsius, waxay ku dhalaashay oo u beddesho galay dareere ah.

In chloroform isla ethanol, acetone iyo benzene dhalaaleen si fudud. Natiijada qaadan midab buluug-cagaaran oo uu leeyahay feature a kala - fluorescence hodan cas. Wax yar L. ee ether batroolka. biyo ma Bloom at dhan.

Alpha Formula chlorophyll: C ₅₅ H ₇₂ N ₅ O ₄ mg. walaxda in qaab-dhismeedka kiimikada ay gudbiyo sida Koloriin. In giraanta in acid Propionic, kuwaas oo ay ka hadhay, phytol ku lifaaqan.

Qaar ka mid ah noolaha dhirta, halkii ay chlorophyll ah, foomka analoogga ah. Halkan, koox ethyl ah (-CH ₂ -CH ₃₎ inta lagu jiro II giraanta pyrrole lagu badalay vinylalkohol (-CH = CH _2). Britain a noocan oo kale ah waxay ka kooban tahay koox vinylalkohol koowaad ah iyo giraanta ka mid ah, laba giraanta labaad.

chlorophyll b

Formula chlorophyll-beta uu leeyahay qaab soo socda: C ₅₅ H ₇₀ N ₄ O ₆ mg. Miisaanka uu leeyahay kelli oo ah walaxda waa 903. Marka C ₃ atamka carbon in giraanta pyrrole laba khamriga ee la ogaado xoogaa wax garad hydrogen -HC = O, taas oo uu leeyahay midab huruud ah. Kanu waa ka duwan chlorophyll ah.

Waxaan dhicin in la ogaadaa in qaybo gaar ah oo joogto ah oo gacanta ugu jira oo muhiim u ah jiritaanka plastids ay sii, chloroplasts, joogi dhawr nooc oo chlorophyll.

Chlorophyll c iyo d

In cryptomonads, dinoflagellates, iyo sidoo kale in batsillariofitsievyh iyo kelp helay chlorophyll. porphyrin Classic - in farqiga u dhexeeya Midabka this.

Waayo, algae, midabka cas ee chlorophyll d. Qaar ka mid ah shaki jiritaankeeda. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in ay tahay oo kaliya wax soo saarka xumaanshaha chlorophyll of a a. Xilligan la joogo, waxaan si kalsooni leh u odhan kartaa chlorophyll in warqad d - waa dheeha wax ugu weyn oo prokaryotes photosynthetic.

sifooyinka chlorophyll

Ka dib markii cilmi-baaris badan oo ay jiraan caddeymo in muuqaalada chlorophyll, u hoggaansan in warshadda iyo waxa ka soo bixiyay, dissimilarity arkay. Chlorophyll ee dhirta oo ay weheliso protein ah. Tani waa caddaynta ku-galku wuxu soo socda:

1. spectrum nuugista of chlorophyll ee caleen oo kale, haddii aan u ekaysiinnaa duruustii.
2. aalkolo saafi ah dhirta la qalajiyey sharaxaada ku xiran si aad u hesho macquul ah. baxa ka fiirsato si ammaan ee a caleemo si fiican-ka waraabin jireen, ama khamriga si ay u la soo kaalinta biyaha. Waxaa la xidhiidha biririf chlorophyll hoos protein ah.
3. Waxyaabaha caleenta dhirta dhuray, si degdeg ah halaagnay sarkhaansan oxygen, acid ah u xoog, rays iftiinka.

Laakiin chlorophyll ee dhirta adkaysi u dhan ee kor ku xusan.

chloroplasts

In dhirta, chlorophyll ku jira 1% ka mid ah arrinta qalalan. Raadi suurto gal ah in organelles gaarka ah ee gacanta - plastids, taas oo muujinaysa qaybinta ah sinnayn waxaa ka mid ah in geedka. plastids cell, rinjiyeeyay midab cagaar ah iyo chlorophyll ah, waxaa lagu magacaabaa chloroplasts.

Tirada H ₂ O in chloroplasts u dhaxeysa 58 ilaa 75% adkaha content ka kooban tahay borotiinada, subaga, chlorophyll iyo carotenoids.

function chlorophyll

Seynisyahanno helay a taagoo qalab la mid ah la yaab leh ee chlorophyll iyo hemoglobin - qayb weyn ee neefsashada dhiigga aadanaha. Farqiga u dhexeeya waa in xarunta dhexe ee cidida cuntada Midabka kaalinta magnesium iyo hemoglobin - bir ah.

Inta lagu guda jiro photosynthesis, Dhirta ee caalamka nuuga carbon dioxide daayo oxygen. Halkan waxaa ku qoran feature kale oo weyn of chlorophyll. By hawlaha la barbar dhigi karaa hemoglobin, laakiin qadarka gaadhista on jidhka bini'aadamka yar oo dheeraad ah.

Chlorophyll - Midabka warshad, kaas oo xasaasi ah oo ay iftiinka iyo dahaarka leh kula cagaaran. Next waa photosynthesis, taas oo microparticles ay badalo tamarta qorraxda ee nuugo unugyada dhirta galay tamarta kiimikada.

Waxaad ku iman kartaa in gabagabadii soo socda in photosynthesis - waa habka diinta tamarta ee qorraxda. Haddii isku halleeyey macluumaad taariikh, waxaa lagu xusay in socodka ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee xeryahooda organic ka carbon dioxide iyo biyo la isticmaalayo tamarta iftiinka waxaa giirte galay saddex marxaladood.

stage №1

Wajigan waxa la go'aansaday in geeddi-socodka lagu daatay photochemical oo biyo ah, iyadoo ay kaalmo ka mid ah chlorophyll. horumar Waxaa oksajiinta kelli.

stage №2

Halkan waxaa jira dhowr reactions redox. Waxay qaadan horumarinta firfircoon oo ka mid ah cytochromes iyo sidayaal kale ee electrons. Reaction qaadataa meel ay sabab u tahay tamarta iftiinka qaadeen electrons ka biyo si matoor NADPH iyo ATP. Halkan waxa lagu kaydiyaa tamarta iftiinka.

stage №3

Horeba sameeyay NADPH iyo set ATP dhaqaaq si loogu badalo carbon dioxide galay carbohydrates. The tamarta iftiinka nuugo waxaa ku lug lahaa falcelinta of 1 iyo 2 marxaladood. Reaction oo ka mid ah dambe, Kii saddexaadna wuxuu u dhacaan oo aan ka qayb dunida iyo yeedhay madow.

Photosynthesis - habka keliya ee runta ah ee ka soo kordhay tamarta free marayo. Si toos ah ama si dadban, bixiyaan helitaanka ruux ganacsi kiimikada degganaa dalka reer labada lug, baalal leh, aan baalal lahayn, xayawaanka, iyo noolaha kale.

Hemoglobin iyo chlorophyll

The taagoo of haemoglobin iyo chlorophyll adag yihiin, laakiin waqti isku mid ah qaab la mid ah qaaradda. Caadiga ah ee ay qaab-dhismeedka waa PROFIN - giraan ah ee siddo yar. Farqiga u arkay in otrostochkah lifaaqan ProFin iyo atamka ku yaalla gudaha: eb birta (Fe) ee unugga dhiigga ka magnesium chlorophyll (mg).

Chlorophyll iyo hemoglobin la mid ah in qaab-dhismeedka jira, laakiin waxaa dhismeedka protein kala duwan. Qiyaastii chlorophyll eb magnesium ka sameeyay agagaarka birta - hemoglobin. Haddii aan soo qaadanno dareere Britain chlorophyll iyo in barkinta dabada fitolny (20 carbon silsilad), isbedelka la eb bir magnesium, cagaaran Midabka in cas. Sidaas darteed - Britain ayaa ku hemoglobin dhammaadeen.

Nuugo chlorophyll waa sahlan oo dhakhso ah, mahad hufan si la mid ah tan. taageero Good jidhka by gaajo ogsijiin. Saturates ee nafaqeeyayaalka yar dhiig loo baahan yahay, sidaa darteed waxaa wanaagsan in uu u gudbiyo waxa ugu muhiimsan nolosha oo ah walaxda in unugyada. Waxay dhacdaa sii daayo waqtigii qalabka qashinka, sunta iyo qashinka ka dhasha shiid dabiiciga ah. Waxay leedahay saamayn on unugyada dhiiga cad nasinta, iyaga keentay.

Ku tilmaamay nin geesi ah oo aan cabsi iyo isagoo aan canaanan ilaaliya, xoojisaa xuubka unug, ka caawiyay inuu ka soo kabsado nudaha connective. By mudnaanta chlorophyll ka mid noqon kara bogsashada dhakhso ah boogaha, boogaha iyo erosions kala duwan. Wanaajinaysaa shaqada difaaca iftiimiyay awood u leh inay qabtaan cudurada bahal ah u taagoo DNA.

Baaxaa A wanaagsan ee daaweynta cudurada faafa iyo hargab. Tani ma aha liiska oo dhan ee camalka wanaagsan walax dib loo eego.