War Bosnian: Sababaha

90 sano ayaa noqotay marxalad soo socota dhiig ku daatay ee Balkans. On arkaynin Guryohoodii mooyee Yugoslavia bilaabay dhowr dagaallo qowmiyadaha. Mid ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah ee Bosnia jeestay dhexeeya boosniyan, seerbiyiin iyo Niko. khilaafka murugsan lagu xalliyay oo kaliya ka dib markii ay fara gelin ku sameeyeen beesha caalamka, ugu horrayn Qaramada Midoobay iyo NATO. dagaallada hubaysan ayaa noqday ragaadiyey tiro badan oo denbiyo ay dagaal.

shuruudaha

In 1992, War Bosnian wuxuu bilaabay. Waxaa dhacay loogana hortegi ee burburkii Yugoslavia iyo dayrta ee shuuciyiinta ee World Hore. Ugu weyn ee soo horjeeda dhinac steel Bosniak Muslimiinta (ama Bosniak), asal Serbia iyo Croatia Catholic. Colaadda ahaa wajiyo badan: siyaasadda, qowmiyadaha iyo confessionalism.

Waxaa oo dhan ku bilaabantay burburkii Yugoslavia. Tani gobolka hantiwadaagga federaalka noolaa quruumaha aad u kala duwan - .. seerbiyiin, Niko, boosniyan, Makedoniya, Slovenes, iwm Marka Wall Berlin ku dhacay iyo nidaamka communist badiyay Dagaalkii Qaboobaa, laga tirada badan yahay qaranka ee Yugoslavia bilaabay inuu dalbaday madax-bannaanida. Waxaa bilaabay parade ee sovereignties , by socoshada leh waxa ka dhacaya ee Midowga Soofiyeeti.

Section One, Slovenia iyo Croatia. In Yugoslavia, marka lagu daro iyaga, waxaa jiray Jamhuuriyadda Hantiwadaagga ah ee Bosnia iyo Herzegovina. Waxay ahayd gobolka ugu qowmiyado qaxay halkaas mar dalka oo midaysan. dalka waxa ay ahaayeen ku saabsan 45% Bosniak, Serbia 30% iyo 16% Croatia. February 29, 1992 ay madaxda maxalliga ah (oo ku yaalla magaalada caasimadda ah ee Sarajevo) ayaa lagu qabtay afti on xornimada. Seerbiyiin The Bosnian ayaa diiday in ay ka qayb qaataan waxa ku jira. Marka ee Sarajevo sheegatey madaxbannaanida ka Yugoslavia, kordheen xiisadaha.

su'aasha Serbian

caasimada dhabta ah ee seerbiyiin ah Bosnian wuxuu bilaabay inuu Banja Luka. dagaalada ayaa waxaa sahlay xaqiiqda ah in labada dal dhinac ku nool sanado badan, sidaa darteed, waxaa jiray qoysas badan oo qowmiyado isku dhafan meelaha qaarkood. Guud ahaan, seerbiyiin ku noolaa dheer ee woqooyi iyo xagga bari ka jirtay dalka. Dagaalka Bosnian wuxuu ahaa jidka waayo, waxaa iyaga la xidhiidha koox la isku wadanka yihiin ee Yugoslavia. Ciidamada Jamhuuriyadda SF tagay Bosnia ee May 1992. Markii uu ka lumay xoog saddexaad in bartey nidaaminaya yaabaa xiriirka ka dhaxeeya cadaawayaal, waayay caqabad la soo dhaafay ay caqabad ku qubanaya.

Yugoslavia (meesha ay ku noolaayeen dadka badan Serbia) tan iyo bilowgii aad u taageerto seerbiyiin ah Bosnian si ay u abuuraan iyaga u gaar ah Republika Srpska. saraakiil badan oo ka mid ah ciidankii hore ee midaysan waxay bilaabeen inay u guuraan ciidamada qalabka sida ee gobolka aqoonsanayn.

Yaa kooxda Russia ee dagaalka Bosnian, waxa ay noqotay ka dib markii uu bilowdey iskahorimaadka cad isla markiiba. Masuuliyiinta Ruushka isku dayeen in ay u dhaqmaan sidii ciidamo nabad ilaalin ah. Sidaas sameeyey inteeda kale oo ka mid ah awoodaha wax raadayn ah bulshada caalamka. Siyaasiyiinta raadinaya tanaasul, Yeedha soo horjeeda in ay ka doodaan dhulka dhexdhexaad ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, haddii aan ka hadlo opinion dadweynaha Russia 90aad., Waxaan dhihi karaa hubaal ah in naxariis oo ka mid ah dadka caadiga ah ay ahaayeen dhinaca seerbiyiin ah. Tani ma aha la yaab leh, maxaa yeelay, laba qof oo ku xiran iyo xirmaan bulshada ee dhaqanka Slavic, galku, iyo wixii la mid ah. D. Sida laga soo xigtay khubaro caalami ah, dagaalka Bosnian jiray xarunta of jiidashada for 4 kun oo mutadawiciin ka USSR hore, kuwaas oo ay taageerayaan Jamhuuriyadda Srpska.

dhicin dagaalkii

xisbiga saddexaad A colaadda, marka lagu daro seerbiyiin iyo Bosniaks, Niko bilaabay. Waxay abuuray Commonwealth of Herceg-Bosna, kaas oo inta lagu guda jiro dagaal jirin dowlad la aqoonsanayn. Caasimadda ah ee Jamhuuriyadda noqday magaalada Mostar. In Europe, waxaan dareemay hab dagaalka iyo isku dayay in iyadoo la kaashanayo alaabtii caalamiga ah si looga hortago in dhiig. Bishii Maarso 1992, heshiis la saxiixay ee Lisbon, sida laga soo xigtay oo xoogga dalka wuxuu ahaa in la kala qaybsanan dhinaca jinsiyada. Intaa waxaa dheer, labada dhinac ku heshiiyeen in xarun federaalka xoog leh degmooyinka wadaagi doonaa. Dukumiintigaas ayaa saxiixay by Alija Bosnian ee Izetbegovic, Serbia Radovan Karadzic oo Mate Croatian Boban.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tanaasul ahaa muddo kooban ah. Dhowr maalmood ka dib, ayaa sheegay in Izetbegovic ceshado heshiiska. Dhab ahaantii, wuxuu siiyey badankana bilowgii dagaalka. Maxaa loo baahan yahay ahayd cudur daar ah. Ka dib bilowga horjeeda dhiig u yeedhay oo dhacdooyin kala duwan oo u adeegi jireen sida wadadii uu dil ugu horeysay. Waxay ahayd dhibic halis ah fikirka.

Waayo, dhibic ka mid ah ma seerbiyiin noqon jiray toogashada arooska Serbian ee Sarajevo. Gacankudhiiglayaasha ahaayeen Bosniaks. Isla mar ahaantaana, Muslimiinta ku eedeeyay seerbiyiin ee swagger dagaalka. Waxay ku eedeeyay in kuwii dhintay boosniyan ugu horeysay ee ka qayb qaatay dibad waddo. In dil ee lagu tuhunsan yahay ilaaladiisa Republika Madaxweynaha Srpska Radovan Karadzic.

hareeraynta ee Sarajevo

In May 1992, magaalada Austria ee Graz, Madaxweynaha Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadzic, iyo madaxweynaha Croatian Republic of Mate Herceg-Bosna Boban saxiixay heshiis laba geesood ah, kaas oo ahaa document ugu muhiimsan ee wajigii koowaad ee dagaalka hubaysan. Laba dalalka aqoonsi Slavic ku heshiiyeen in ay joojiyaan dagaalka oo ay midoobaan si loo ogaado gacanta dhulalka Muslimiinta.

Ka dib dhacdo this Bosnian War haraysay ee Sarajevo. Caasimadda ah ee quruun bakhtiistay dirir gudaha, waxaa inta badan ku nool yihiin Muslimiinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in agagaarka iyo tuulooyinka ku xeeran deggan yahay inta badan Serbia. ratio Tani waxaa ka go'an koorsada ee dagaalka. April 6, 1992 bilaabay hareeraynta ee Sarajevo. ciidanka Serbian oo magaaladii ku wareegsan. hareeraynta socday dagaalka (in ka badan saddex sano) oo dhan oo waxaa iyadii kor looga kaliya ka dib markii saxiixa kama dambaysta ah ee Heshiisyadii Dayton ah.

Inta lagu guda jiro hareeraynta ee Sarajevo, magaalada waxaa la hoos geliyey duqeyn xooggan. Masaf, kaas oo ka rasaasta ka hadhay, ee nabadda waxaa ka buuxsamay boorish gaar ah Beeyada, balaastigga iyo khad cas. Kuwani "calamado" in saxaafadda lagu magacaabo "Ubax Sarajevo". Maanta waxay yihiin mid ka mid ah taxadiri ugu caansan dagaalyahannada ahaa mid laga cabsado.

total dagaal

Waa in la ogaadaa in dagaal Serbia-Bosniak orday barbar dagaalka ee Croatia, halkaas oo khilaafka u dhexeeya bararaan Croatia hoose iyo Serbia. Waa xaalad wareer iyo dhib badan. In Bosnia soo baxay dagaal, waa dagaal ah oo dhan oo dhan. Gaar ahaan muran ka taagneyn booska uu ka mid ah Niko maxaliga ah. Qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah oo ay taageerayaan ku boosniyan, qaybta kale - seerbiyiin ah.

Bishii June 1992, dalka uu leeyahay ciidamo nabad ilaalin UN. Markii hore, waxaa la abuuray dagaalka Croatian, laakiin wax yar ka dib awoodaha uu kordhiyay in Bosnia. Kuwaas oo ciidamada huwantu ay gacanta garoonka Sarajevo (hor way qabsadeen seerbiyiin ah, waxay lahaayeen in uu ka tago xarun muhiim this gaadiidka). nabad ilaalinta UN halkan si aad samatabbixin gargaarka bani'aadamnimada, taas waa in loo qaybiyo dalka oo dhan, sida in Bosnia, aan meel kaliya Yuuna Taabaninba dhiig. qaxootiga oo rayid ah ayaa difaacay howlgalka Laanqayrta Cas, inkasta oo dadaalka ka socda ururka uusan ku filnayn.

dembiyo dagaal

Cadaawada iyo duufso dagaalka uu noqday yaqaan dunida oo dhan. Tani waxaa fududeeyay horumarinta warbaahinta, telefishanka iyo siyaabo kale oo loo gaadhsiiyo macluumaad. caymiska balaaran ahayd qaybtii ugu dhacay bishii May 1992. In magaalada Tuzla ciidamada huwantu Bosnian-Croatia weeraray guuto ka mid ah Yugoslav Army Dadka ee, in ay ku noqdaan dalkooda, sababtoo ah burburkii dalka. Weerarka ayaa waxaa ka soo qaybgalay ku baxdey, mashiinka toogtay iyo sidaas hor istaagay wadada. weerarka soo galiyay dhammeeyey off ku dhaawacmeen. Waxaa ku dhintay in ka badan 200 askari oo ka tirsan ciidamada ka Yugoslav. dhacdo Tani, qaar badan oo ka mid ah soo bandhigay rabshado intii lagu jiray dagaalka Bosnian.

By xagaaga ee 1992 ee Jamhuuriyadda Srpska Army ahaa awoodaan in la dhiso gacanta gobollada bariga ee dalka. Local rayid ah Muslim cadaadiyo. Waayo, Bosniaks la abuuray xeryaha fiirsashada. Maalin kasta waxa ay ahayd xad-gudub ah ee haweenka. Rabshadaha ayaa arxan intii lagu jiray dagaalka Bosnian ma kici by fursad. Balkans ayaa had iyo jeer ahaa qoriga qarxa ee Europe. The dalalka qaranka maxaliga ah ayaa muddo kooban ah. dadka jinsiyadaha badan isku dayayaan in ay ku nool yihiin gudahooda Empire ah, laakiin doorashooyinkan waa a "jaar wanaagsan" waxaa ugu danbeyn laga xaaqay ka dib markii dayrta ee shuuciyiinta. cabashooyinka Mutual iyo cabashooyinka ay badbaadeen boqolaal sannadood.

mustaqbalka aan la hubin

Go'doominta oo dhamaystiran Sarajevo yimid xagaagii 1993, markii ciidankii reer Serbia u suurtagashay in ay buuxiso hawlgalka "Lugavats 93". Waxa uu ahaa weerar qorsheysan, oo waxaa soo agaasimay Ratko Mladic (maanta waa ah garsoorayaasha maxkamadda caalamiga ah). Inta uu hawlgalka socday, seerbiyiin ka degay baas istaraatiiji ah oo muhiim ah oo keentay in Sarajevo. Xaafadaha caasimadda iyo meelo badan oo dalka ah - oo leh dhul buuraley ah Patriots. In deegaanka sida baasaskii oo haadaamaha noqday meelaha dagaalo muhim.

Qabsashada Trnovo, seerbiyiin ay awoodaan in la isu geeyo tirada ay ku nool labada gobol - Herzegovina iyo Podrinje. ka dibna ciidanka galbeed jeestay. dagaal Bosnian, ee gaaban, ka koobnayd waddo yar oo badan oo la dagaallamaya kooxaha hubaysan. In July 1993, seerbiyiin ah ay awoodaan in la dhiso gacanta ku baas ee Mount Igman. news Tani waxay welwel ah bulshada caalamka. diblomaasiyiinta reer galbeedka bilaabay inuu cadaadis on hoggaanka ee Jamhuuriyadda iyo shakhsi Radovan Karadzic. Ugu wadahadalo ee Geneva, seerbiyiin ku cadeeyay in ay dhacdo in diidmada in ay ka baxaan iyaga ku farxi doonaan in ay cirka ah NATO. Karadzic duubnaadaan cadaadis sida. August 5, 1993 seerbiyiin tagay Igman, halka qaniimooyin soo haray ee Bosnia ahaayeen gadaashooda ah. On buurta istaraatiiji ah oo muhiim ah ay ka bedelay nabad ka France.

boosniyan kala jabeen

Dhanka kale, xerada halkaas joogay a kala gudaha Bosniak. Muslimiinta ay guushu ku haynta dowlad dhexe. Siyaasadaha Firet Abdic iyo kuwa uu qabtay dhibic ka soo horjeeda ee view. Waxay doonayeen in ay sameeyaan dawlad federaal ah, oo rumaystay in kaliya tanaasul noocan oo kale ah dhammaan doontaa dagaalkii ka Bosnian (1992-1995). Marka la soo koobo, tani ayaa keentay in soo bixitaanka of laba xero farqiyo. Ugu dambeyntii, in September 1993, Abdic in Velika Kladusa dhawaaqay abuurista Western Bosnia. Waxa ay ahayd Jamhuuriyad kale oo aqoonsi, soo horjeeda dowladda Izetbegovic ee Sarajevo. Abdic xuluf Jamhuuriyadda Srpska.

Western Bosnia - waa tusaale wanaagsan oo ah sida waxaa jiray oo dhan waxbarashada siyaasadeed oo cusub oo muddada gaaban, taas oo siiyey kor u qaada War Bosnian ah (1992-1995). Sababaha waa qaraw annaguna this ka koobnaa tiro badan oo dano is khilaafsan. Western Bosnia ayaa jiray muddo laba sano ah. Its territory heystey inta lagu jiro hawlgallada "Tiger 94" iyo "duufaanka." In kiiska ugu horeysay Abdic by boosniyan is-dhigay.

Bishii Agoosto 1995, heerka ugu dambeeya ee dagaalka, marka liquidated waxbarashada ee la soo dhaafay gooni, ciidamada dawladda Izetbegovic biiray Niko oo ka socda kooban oo NATO. dagaalo Major ka dhacay gobolka Krajina ah. Natiijada aan toos ahayn hawlgalka "Storm" waxay ahayd duulimaadka ee degsiimooyinka Croatian-Bosnian xadka ku saabsan 250 kun seerbiyiin. dadka ka mid ah ayaa ku dhashay kuna soo barbaaray Krajina ah. Inkasta oo ay jiraan waa wax aan caadi ahayn ma ahaa socodka haajirad ah. Qaar badan oo laga saaray guryahoodii Bosnia War. Sharraxaad fudud ee socodka dadka waa sida soo socota: khilaafka ma in la buuxiyaa ka maqan qeexid cad ee xuduudaha isirka iyo diinta, sidaas oo dhan qurba-yar iyo daamood intii lagu jiray dagaalka si nidaamsan baabbi'iyey. U qaybi dhulka taabtay seerbiyiin, boosniyan iyo Niko.

Genocide iyo tribunal

dembiyo dagaal ka go'an boosniyan iyo seerbiyiin labadaba la Niko. Labada sharaxay xasuuqii ay uga aargoosanayaan isku wadanka yihiin uu. Boosniyan inay argagax rayid ah Serbia abuuray kooxaha "caleema saarka." Waxay la baadhay on tuulada Slavic nabad ah.

The dembiga ugu daran waxa uu noqday xasuuq Serbian ee Srebrenica. Sida laga soo xigtay go'aanka Qaramada Midoobay, 1993, magaalada iyo xaafadaha ku hareeraysan ayaa lagu dhawaaqay in ay gabaad ammaan ah. qaxootiga Muslim ah ayaa la jiido daafaca ka dhammaan gobollada Bosnia. In July 1995 Srebrenica qabtay seerbiyiin. Waxay ka go'an xasuuqii magaalada, ay ku dhinteen sida ay qiyaaso kala duwan, ku saabsan 8000 qof oo rayid ah ee degan Muslim - carruurta, dumarka iyo dadka waayeelka ah. Maanta, adduunka oo dhan Bosnian War 92-95 sano. ugu caansan waa this dhacdo arxan.

xasuuqii ee Srebrenica weli baaritaan ku Maxkamada Dambiyada Caalamiga ah ee Yugoslavia hore. March 24, 2016, madaxweynihii hore ee dalka Republika Srpska, Radovan Karadzic, ayaa lagu xukumay 40 sano oo xabsi ah. Wuxuu hirgaliyey badan oo dambiyo la yaqaan in dagaalkii Bosnian ah. Xukumanuhu waxa Photo mar faafin jaraa'id oo dunida oo dhan, sidii hore 90. Karadzic oo sidoo kale mas'uul ka ah wixii ka dhacay Srebrenica waa. Hay'adaha Sirdoonka qabsatay ka dib markii nolosha toban sano ah oo ka mid ah sirta magac been ah in Belgrade.

faragelin milateri ee beesha caalamka

Sannad kasta, dagaalka Serbia-Croatia Bosnian qeyb noqdeen kuwo fowdo iyo wareer. Waxaa caddaatay in mid ka mid ah dhinacyada colaadda Ma gaadho gool ay dhex dhiig. In the US, xaaladda hadda jirta, maamulka waxay bilaabeen inay qayb firfircoon ka qaataan geedi socodka gorgortanka. Tallaabada ugu horreysa ee in la xaliyo khilaafka ahaa heshiiska in dhamaaday dagaalka Niko iyo boosniyan. caddeymaha quseeya lagu saxiixay bishii March ee 1994 ee Vienna iyo Washington. Seerbiyiin The Bosnian ayaa sidoo kale lagu casuumay inuu miiska wada xaajoodka, laakiinse iyagu ma ay u leeyihiin in ay soo diri diblomaasiyiinta ay.

Bosnian War, sawir beeraha ka dhaca saxaafadda ajnabiga ah si joogto ah uga naxay West ah, laakiin in Balkans ee waxaa loo arkaa in uu yahay mid caadi ah. Xaaladahan, hindisaha gacmahooda ku qaaday NATO. The Americans iyo xulafadooda, iyagoo taageero ka helaya Qaramada Midoobay waxay bilaabeen in ay diyaariyaan qorshe qaraxii diyaaradaha jagooyinka Serbia. Hawlgalka ayaa ciidamada "in aad ka fikirto xoogga" ayuu ku bilaabay on August 30. Qaraxii ka caawisay boosniyan iyo Niko in ay wax miiran seerbiyiin ee gobollada muhiim ah banka Ozren iyo Western Bosnia. natiijada ugu weyn ee ka-qabashada NATO ahaa dhifashada weerarku ee Sarajevo, kaas oo socday muddo dhowr sano. Ka dib markii in, dagaalka Serbian-Bosnian dhowaanayeen ay dhamaadka. Dhammaan dhinacyada colaadda iskuhaya ayaa la gororkii cad. In gobolka tagay kaabayaasha oo dhan la deggan yahay, military iyo warshadaha.

Dayton

wadaxaajoodka Final dhexeeya horjeeda bilaabay in dhul-dhexaad ah. mustaqbalka ah ee dab joojin la isku raacay salka ciidamada Mareykanka ee Dayton. Saxiixa rasmiga ah ee securities ka dhacay Palace Elysee ee Paris December 14, 1995. The falalka ugu weyn ee Madaxweynaha Bosnia ayaa wajahaya ee xafladda Alija Izetbegovic, Madaxweynaha Serbia, Slobodan Milosevic iyo Madaxweynaha Croatian Franjo Tudjman. wadahadalo hordhac ah ayaa lagu qabtay hoos bacdi dalalka observer ah - ee UK, Germany, Russia, USA iyo France.

Sida laga soo xigtay heshiiska, la abuuro xaalad cusub - the Federation of Bosnia iyo Herzegovina iyo Republika Srpska. xuduudaha gudaha ayaa la fuliyay in sidan oo kale in maado kasta ayaa qayb ka siman ee dalka a. Intaa waxaa dheer, Bosnia soo bandhigay ciidamada nabad ilaalinta NATO. Ciidamada waxay ku noqon damiin ah ilaalinta nabadda ee gobolada gaar ahaan kacsan.

Doodayeen rabshadaha inta lagu jiro dagaalka Bosnian. caddayn dokumeenti ah ee dambiyada dagaalka ayaa loo wareejiyay maxkamadda caalamiga ah, taas oo ka hawl maanta. Waxaa la iigu xukumaa sida mid qaab caadi ah oo si toos ah xasuuqii fikrada "hogaanka". Siyaasiyiinta iyo military kuwaas oo abaabulan xasuuqa ka mid ah dadka nabad ah, ayaa laga saaray awood.

Sida laga soo xigtay version rasmiga ah, sababta oo ah dagaalka Bosnian ahaayeen in khilaafka isirka ee Yugoslavia burburtay. Dayton adeegay sidii formula tanaasul bulshada kala ah. Inkastoo Balkans ka sii il xiisadda oo dhan of Europe, rabshadaha furan on baaxadda dagaalka halkaas, ugu dambayntii joojiyay. Waxa ay ahayd guul ee diblomaasiyadda caalamiga ah (inkastoo laalan). dagaal Bosnian iyo rabshado, taas oo ay u yeedhay, tagay calaamad weyn on qaddar ee dadka deegaanka. Maanta ma jirto Bosniak ama Serbia, kuwaas oo qoyska ah ma saameyn doonto colaadaha looga cabsado muuqo laba sano ka hor.