Waajibiyo dulin, noocyada, astaamaha, tusaalooyin

Parasitism - mid ka mid ah noocyada ugu da'da weyn ee noolaanshaha ee noolaha. Laga soo bilaabo erayga Giriigga ah ee "noole" ee afka loo tarjumi karaa sida "noole." Indeed, nuxurka parasitism in laba shaqeeyo hiddo duwana coexisted waayo arrin muddo dheer, iyada oo mid ka mid ah noolaha loo isticmaalo kale oo degaanka ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale il oo cunto ah. On xiiso leh, ka dhibic noolaha of view, arrin ku parasitism waajibiyo, waxaa ka wada xaajoon doona in this article.

Halkee sameeyey ereyga "parasitism"?

In Giriigii hore waxaa jiray sharciga ah, marka siyaasi aad u jir ah si ay u gutaan waajibaadkooda si toos ah, u tegaya inuu ku tiirsan gobolka. Waayo, dadkan dhisay guri gaar ah, loo yaqaan parasitariyami. Balse dadka deegaanka ee hostels u yeedhay dulin. Sidaas hore noole - waa mid ka mid ah in uu awoodo in uu ka jirin oo keliya dadka kale.

organisms dulinka

dulin hadda loo yaqaan xayawaan, kuwaas oo jiritaanka waa wax aan macquul aheyn oo aan shakhsiyaadka kale ee ka tirsan noocyada noolaha kala duwan. noole The buuxda u waayi kartaa awooda ay nolol xor ah (tani waa waxa loogu yeero dulin waajibiyo), ama haddii kale u guurto on jidka dulinka nolosha oo keliya marxaladaha qaarkood ee dhinaca horumarinta.

Waxaa muhiim ah in la ogaado in faa'iidooyinka noole ka wada-noolaanshaha la ciidanka, la dambe ku keeni karo dhib. Marka dhaawac this kala duwanaan karaan xadka halkii ballaaran, ka burburka unugyada xubnaha kala duwan ama daaqa ka hor dhaqanka isbedel ciidanka ah. Taasi waa sababta ay dhacdo in cudurka u baahan tahay in lagu daaweeyo dulin haddii kale dhaawac la hagaajin jidhka lagu saleyn karaa. Tusaale ahaan, daawooyinka badan ama daawo ay u ogolaadaan in laga takhaluso of Gooryaanka.

Features of noolaha dulinka

Si ka duwan hordhacay, parasitism ku lug leedahay qabsashada ee noole ah in sifooyinka ciidanka. Dulin deggan karaa sida dusha jirka ciidan iyo godadka xubnaha ama unugyada gudaha uu.

Waxay jeelyihiin in feature caan ku yahay dhimista ee noolaha dulinka ayaa xubnaha qaarkood, taas oo ay jidka jiritaanka muhiim ma aha. Tusaale ahaan, inta badan dulin ah nidaamka dheefshiidka lahayn, dareemi xubnaha jirkaaga ama adimada. Waxa xiiso leh, dulin ee koorsada of horumar marnaba "ku soo laabto" badiyay qaababka xubnaha oo keliya fududeynta sii suurto galka ah ee jidhka. Tusaale ahaan fududeynta noocan oo kale ah waxay keeni kartaa fayraska, kuwaas oo u maleeyay of sheyga unicellular beddelaa Britain ah DNA ama RNA, "buuxiyey" in qolof protein ah. Fayrusyada yihiin si heer hoose ah in qaar ka mid ah cilmi xitaa ma iyaga u arkaan inay noolaha.

horumar ah ee parasitism

Qubarada badankooda ayaa aaminsan parasitism kacay waqti dunida ku nool, marka on biogeocoenoses dhulka marka hore u muuqday. Sababo la xiriira sidii loo xoojin lahaa xiriirka ka dhexeeya noolaha la kulmeen noocyo kala duwan oo xiriir siman oo u taagan wada noolaansho ee shaqsiyaadka ka tirsan noocyada kala duwan. Xaaladdan oo kale, mid ka mid noocee ah si tartiib tartiib ah ay bilaabeen in ay la qabsadaan si jirka ah ee kale. Takhasus noqday si cidhiidhi ah in symbiote hore ma jiri karaan oo aan ciidanka oo uu noqdo noole ah. dulin intooda badan waxaa loo habeeyey si ay habab ilaaliya ee u shaqeeyo ciidanka. Tusaale ahaan, derbiga unugyada bakteeriyada dhumuc, qaab dhismeedka gaarka ah si looga hortago in la shanleeyo iyo si la horumariyo ridaysa jirka. D.

Dulin, ee kala duwan ugu weyn ee

Waxaa jira saddex nooc oo waaweyn oo ah noolaha dulinka:

- dulin Optional. Waxay qayb ka mid ah noloshooda sida shakhsiyaad free yihiin, laakiin sida dulinka nolosha waa uun marxaladaha qaar ka mid ah horumarka, sida caadiga ah, dhalmo. Tusaale ahaan, noocyo ka mid ah bakteeriyada mindhicirka.

- waajibiyo dulin. Dhammaan marxaladaha wareegga nolosha noole la xiriira ciidanka. In deegaanka dibadda noole sida ma jiri karaan. Waajibiyo dulin - dhammaan fayrusyada, Rickettsia iyo Chlamydia.

- dulin Random. Tani waa koox yar oo noolaha in loogu badalo si parasitism by shil. Tusaale ahaan waa fangaska, taas oo noqon karaan sabab u ah horumarinta ee mycoses subcutaneous aadanaha.

Qoondee nooc kale oo noolaha dulinka - waxa loogu yeero sverhparazitov. noolaha sida ciidammadu isticmaalaya dulin kale. Superparasitism - arrin si caddaalad ah wax caadi ah ee dabiiciga ah, ayaa muhiimada dhawrista weyn: noolaha sida nidaaminaya tirada dadweynaha ee noolaha Dulin.

"Warka xun ee baakada of protein ah"

Fayrus waa dulin waajibiyo - noolaha in aadan awoodin in aad soo saari ka baxsan gacanta. Bayoolajiga aaminsan yihiin in fayrusyada ka degay noolaha dheeraad ah oo adag in ay u guureen hab dulinka nolosha iyo ayaa laga badiyay inta badan hiddo iyo qaab-dhismeedka gacanta. Fayrus ka maqan xitaa awood u leh inay is-shiid, waayo, tamarta ay isticmaalaan hababka dheefshiidka ee gacanta cudurka.

Marka la qeexo, P. Nobel Prize ee Medawar, virus - ka waa "war xun ee baakada of protein ah." Waa run ahaantii sidaas: dhismeedka viral fududeeyey in ay xadka. Fayrusyada yihiin DNA ama RNA Britain, qolof protein la ilaaliyo sita magaca "capsid". Marka in gacanta, hiddo-virus waxay bilaabayaan inay reprogram shaqo ee nidaamka lagmamaarmaanna, taasoo keenta iyaga saari lagama maarmaanka u ah taranka fayraska borotiinada.

Fayrusyada dulin sida waadaxa ah

Fayrasyada la odhan karaa waa nooc ka mid ah "boqorka" of dulin duniduna ma ay jirto hal noocyada, kaas oo laga yaabo in aan loo soo bandhigin cudurada viral. Fayrusyada infest karo ma aha oo kaliya in unugyada xayawaanka iyo dhirta, laakiin sidoo kale in sheyga hal-unuglaha. Waxa la yaab leh, ka dulin waajibiyo oo kaliya, oo aan kaliya aan awoodi karin jiritaanka madax-bannaan oo lacag la'aan ah, laakiin sidoo kale muujiyaan guryaha ee arrinta ku nool oo kaliya markii dayrta ee u shaqeeyo ciidanka.

Laga yaabaa in aanay noqon wax ku ool ah in kasta oo dhaawac ah in fayraska waxay keeni kartaa jidhka, dawayn waayo, dulin in qaadsiin unugyada. Nasiib darro, fayrasyada, waajibiyo dulin intracellular ah heerka ugu sareeya ee ku tarmeen si deg deg ah oo ku filan. Ay horumar ka hor wershedaha dawooyinka ee. Sidaa darteed, dulin intracellular waajibiyo isagoo fudud, haddii aan qaab heer hoose ah, ka dibna wuxuu boqorkii dalka nooca laga adkaado - aadanaha ...

Maanta, saynisyahano ku soo gabagabeeyey in ay tahay u shaqeeyo a dulinka waa mid ka mid ah matoorada waaweyn ee horumar. Ha u malaynina makhluuqaadka keeno dhibaato oo kaliya: waajibiyo dulin, kuwaas oo tusaale u qodobkan waa mid aad u xiiso badan waxbarasho oo dhul socoda, iyada oo aan taas horumarinta dunida ku nool waa wax aan macquul aheyn.