Valence tungsten. Guryaha iyo codsiga of tungsten

articles More ogolaan doonaa in ay bartaan jirka iyo kiimikada guryaha ee tungsten, arki faahfaahinta uu joogo nooca, meesha ee wax soo saarka, furitaanka sheekada, iyo in ka badan.

Tungsten (W)

Tungsten - waa element ah ee Table ka wakhtiyeysan ee Mendeleev ayaa toddobaatan tirada qaaradda afaraad u dhiganta W. dabeecadda Latin In xaaladaha caadiga ah waxa uu leeyahay midab cawl-lacag ah, dhaldhalaalaan, adag. Of tungsten bir oo dhan waa ugu adkaadeen. Ka badan in of W, dhibic barafku ka mid ah oo kaliya non-birta ah - carbon. Waxay leedahay iska caabin ah kiimikada sare. Valence of tungsten - variable.

History of daahfurka

farmashiyaha Iswiidhen Carl Wilhelm Scheele ee 1781, ku hawlan processing ee scheelite nitric acid, karaan wax trioxide tungsten - "dhagax culus" huruud ah. Laba sano ka dib, mar hore in 1783-m, laba walaalo ah Eluard, farmashiye asal ahaan kasoo jeeda Spain, dadweynaha ayaa lagu wargeliyay in ay ka heli karto biraha wolframite cusub iyo xabagta - tungsten.

Modern United States, France iyo Britain isticmaalo magaca tungsten waayo, tungsten, taas oo ka Swedish tarjumayaa "dhagax culus". Asal ahaan ereyga, loogu tala galay wolframite macdanta wolframium. Later waxay uga gudubtay in biraha laftiisa.

Tungsten ee dabiiciga ah

Sida laga soo xigtay xisaabo Vinogradova, qolof tirada Clarke dhulka tungsten ayaa wuxuu ku saabsan yahay 1,3 g / t. content Celceliska safafka dhagaxyada buurta, r / t ah: dhagaxyada acidic - 1.9, celceliska - 1.2, aasaasiga ah - 0.7 ultrabasic - 0.1.

The kaydka ugu badan ee biraha this waa mid isku urursan ee Shiinaha, Maraykanka, Kanada iyo Kazakhstan, dalalka sida Bolivia, Portugal, Uzbekistan, Russia iyo South Korea leedahay mid yar marka la barbardhigo kaydka sheegnay Mareykanka. Sannaddii soo saarta oo ku saabsan 49-50 milyan oo tan, kuwaas oo 41 saaray Shiinaha, share Russia ee u dhiganta 3.5 tons, Kazakhstan - 0.7, iyo Australia - 0.5 tons.

In warshadaha, doorka ugu weyn waxaa la siiyaa wolframite iyo scheelite. Macdanta wolframite inta badan ku urursan dhagaxyada granitic iyo fiirsashada celcelis ahaan u dhiganta hal ama laba boqolkiiba. dalalka soo saara intooda badan dhoofinta tungsten. . Qiimaha biraha this waa halkii sare oo laga yaabaa kala duwan yihiin iyadoo ku xiran brand iyo nooca ah oo lagu iibiyo (ka 2172 si ay u 6250560 masaxo.). The dhoofinta ugu weyn ee tungsten tixgeliyo UK, Shiinaha iyo Australia. Keeno ee u tiro badan United States, Germany, England iyo Japan.

Hababka diyaarinta

Diyaarinta tungsten - geeddi-socodka ah oo ka kooban dhowr tallaabo kordhiyo. trioxide go'doon First hoogay ₃ ka ore xoogga leh geedi socodka dib u soo kabashada ka dib markii budo biraha socday la hydrogen ku hoos jira xaalad ka mid ah oo ku saabsan 700 ° C. Sababo la xiriira barta barafku aad u sarayso sida ugu fiican ee si aad u hesho biraha this waa hab of metallurgy budo. In talaabada ugu horeysa ee budada tungsten ah la isku soo riixayo, ka dibna lagu meeleeyay jawi hydrogen iyo sintered ku hoos jira xaalad ah oo ku saabsan 1200-1300 ° C. Dheeraad ah u sakhiray in ay hadda korontada iyo heerkulka kulaylku waa debeda in saddex kun oo darajo, habka this waxaa la socda sintering, iyo bir jirsado galay monolith ah. diyaarinta Xiga of tungsten iyo saabsanaa isdaahirinta, ka keentay qalabka mabda'a dhacaan shuruudaha barafku zone. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, budada tungsten - tani ma aha qaab kaliya ee diyaarinta in biraha. In diyaarinta W ka pyrolysis of chlorides waxaa laga heli karaa mar hore qaab macdan ah, laakiin ma aha in is haysta iyo budada.

sifooyinka tayada Chemical

Tungsten waa valence ee dabeecadda variable, labo ilaa lix. Foomka ugu xasiloon qaadataa ugu valency lixaad. Foomamka qaybsamaa iyo trivalent xeryahooda waa aan degganayn oo aan ahmiyad gaar ah, ku dhaqanka aan la isticmaalin. Tungsten waa mid aad u adkaysi u daxalka biraha. heerkulka qolka uu ogolaanayaa in ay ilaaliyaan meel joogto ah oo aan isagoo xiran daxalka, gaadho heerkulka incandescence bilaabaa inuu oxidize, la xirrira ah xabagta tungsten (VI). Waa kii labaad ee taxane ah oo stress iyo kharashka ka dambeeya hydrogen. Xaqiiqo ahaan beelaya in hydrofluoric iyo milo sulfuric acid. acid nitric iyo aqua sababta regia habka lagu qayilo dusha. KALA DIRIDDA suurto gal hydrogenperoxid ah.

isku dar ah oo hydrofluoric iyo nitric acid kala tungsten si fiican:

2W + 4HNO ₃ + 10HF à WF ₆ + ₄ + WOF 4NO (horumar gaaska) + 7 saac ₂ O.

In joogitaanka oxidants la jawaabay karaa alkali dahab la shubay ah;

2W + 4NaOH ₃ + 3o ₂ à 2Na ₂ wo ₄ + 2 saac ₂ O.

tusaalooyin kor ku dareen diidmo wadi aad u tartiib ah, laakiin on gaarey heerka 400 ° C iyo tungsten is-kululaynta ee geedi socodka falcelinta waa la dedejiyey, isku mar la xirrira xaddi weyn oo kulaylka. Xasaasiyada ku lug leh baahida oxygen gaarey sumadda 500 ° C, in ay biraha keli bilaabay inuu kululeeyo ilaa.

Diri karaa in isku dar ah ee acids hydrofluoric iyo nitric keenaysaa in acid geksaftorvolframovoy dhismaha - H ₂ [WF _6]. Oo dhan xeryahooda tungsten yaqaan waxaa loo tixgeliyaa trioxide ugu muhiimsan tungsten anhydride ama tungsten, tungstate, xarunta a peroxy Me _{2 X,} walax oo ka soo jeeda S, C, iyo group halogeen xubno hoog.

The guryaha ee dabiiciga ah jirka

Tungsten waa bir dhaldhalaalaan cirro iftiinka. heerkulka Tungsten inta lagu guda jiro xaabo iyo karaya Gaadha ka sarreeya sareeya Celsius la biraha kale la barbar dhigo. Waxaa jira warar in seaborgium ayaa weyn dhibcood barafku waxqabadka iyo karaya, laakiin ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in uu "nolosha" waa mid aad u yar, waa wax aan macquul aheyn in la yidhaahdo iyadoo la hubo, tan iyo markii aan la xaqiijiyay by tijaabo. Tungsten bilaabo inuu dhalaali at 3695 K, halka karkaraya, gaarey 5828 cufnaanta K. W Net ayaa ku dhow inay dahab waa - 19,25 grams halkii centimitir oo saddex jibaaran. Wuxuu waxaa lagu gartaa tayada paramagnetic. Iyadoo la tixraacayo oo xuduudaheedu cabbirka engegnaantiinna Brinell waa 488 kg / mm ^2. At labaatan degrees Celsius ayaa resistivity ah 55 × 10 ^-9 Ohm * m, laakiin xaaladaha heerkulka of 2700 ° index resistivity C kor u kordhisaa in 904 x 10 ^-9 Ohm * m. dhawaaqa ka muuqataa ka guuro tungsten xawaare ka mid ah 4290 m / c.

Mid ka mid ah macdanaha culus la engegnaantiinna sare iyo dhibic barafku ee tungsten tixgeliyo weyn. The guryaha in ay yihiin soo jireenka ah waxaa ku jira, go'aamiyo qiimaha suuqa dunida iyo awood isticmaalka ballaaran. Awoodda in ay u adkeysan kul sare u ogolaanaya ballaaran u isticmaalidda tungsten. Silig, go'yaal iyo qaar badan oo laguu ogolaado in aad si loo abuuro qaababka u adeega sannado badan, dad badan. Dibadda la mid ah platina. In gobolka saafi ah markii hadalo kulul ay u 1600 ° C waxaa laga yaabaa in si fiican la been abuurtay.

Isticmaalka biraha saafi ah

Habka aasaasiga ah ee la isticmaalayo tungsten - aasaaskii qalab madax adkaadeen in industry ee qodniinka-.

guryaha caag ah oo madax adkaadeen - taasi waa waxa loo yaqaan for tungsten. Wire ee biraha tani waa lagama maarmaan in qalabka loogu talagalay nalalka. tuubooyinka Picture iyo tuubooyinka kale la vacuum ah ayaa sidoo kale si weyn u isticmaala W.

Argon alxanka ARC ma aan samayn karo aan electrodes ka sameeyey tungsten. Vacuum foornada iska caabin ah ayaa sidoo kale u isticmaal sida element kulaylinta a, iyo daawaha biraha this waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida thermocouple rhenium ah.

cufnaanta sare u ogolaanaya in ay u isticmaalaan saldhig ahaan daawaha nooca culus loo isticmaalo ka hortaga for sabot hubka u dusaya asaasiga ah iyo gano qolofka madaafiic sagittal, saldhiga u ah hubka u dusaya rasaas iyo xataa gyro xasilinta duulaya gantaalaha ballistic.

Tungsten uma shaqayn karo sidii hab fiican oo nooca ionizing shucaac. In kasta oo uu leeyahay cufnaanta sare iyo, gaar ahaan marka la barbar dhigo hogaanka caadiga ah, miisaan heer siman bixinta dharka ilaalinta ama qalabka ku yaalla ay isticmaalka fudud. guryaha Infusibility iyo qalbi engegnaantooda adkayn nidaaminta, oo sidaas daraaddeed in kiisaska noocaas ah inta badan waa Alloys of tungsten iyo nickel, sidoo kale birta, copper iyo macdanaha kale.

In warshadaha si ay u abuuraan kala duwan ee wax soo saarka adag oo isticmaalaya tungsten. Sheet, budada tungsten, iyo usha-electrodes - mid ka mid ah noocyada ugu badan ee wax soo saarka ee W.

Isticmaalka xeryahooda ah

Machining biraha kala duwan, iyo sidoo kale waxyaabaha uu ka samaysan yahay nooca non-macdan ah ee dhismaha injineernimada, qodista macdanta iyo geedi socodka la isticmaalayo Alloys xoog iyo qalabka nooc farcan ku salaysan carbide tungsten, isku dar ah ee carbide titanium, carbide tantalum iyo carbide tungsten. tungsten Stamps ka qalabkan sameeyey qaybsan yihiin T30K4, T5K10, VK25, VK8, VC 15 T15K4, BK2, iyo VK6 VK4. Gargaarka group TT oo keliya loo isticmaalo xaaladaha machining aad u adag in la kordhiyey kakanaanta. Tusaale A Ra'iisul uma shaqayn karo sidii si lama filaan ah-nidaamka perforator qodista Rotary ama wax raagaya soo saarta oo ildheer steel caabiga kulaylka sare. W waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida element ah alloying for steel iyo Alloys ku salaysan bir ah. "Xawaaraha sare" steel lettered qoraalka laga bilaabo P, in ka badan 90% share ka kooban tungsten.

Mararka qaarkood xeryahooda tungsten kala duwan waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida Xoojiya ama pigments, dux-heerkulka sare ee kala guurka tamarta kulaylka qaab korontada.

Tungsten iyo biology

biraha Tungsten looma tixgelin weyn ee biology, laakiin qaar ka mid ah bakteeriyada iyo archaea oo qayb ka ah falgalka ay leeyihiin tani qayb ka, taas oo ah in goobta firfircoon. Ilo Qiyaastii qoto dheer nooca hydrothermal archaebacteria live-hyperthermophiles, waxaa loo arkaa tiirsan tungsten obligately. Joogitaanka biraha this ee Halabuurka enzyme la arkaa relic ah muddada hore Archean, in si kale loo dhigo, waxa ay awoodaan in ay u maleeyaan in muuqaalka hore ee nolosha dhulka ka dhacay qayb ka mid ah W.

Iyada oo qayb ka ah dega biraha kale, ciidda tungsten keena cuncun oo ka mid ah xubnaha neefsashada.

foomamka isotopes

¹⁸² W (26,41 %), ¹⁸³ W (14,4 %), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64 %) и ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41 %) . Tungsten asal ahaan dabiiciga ah waxay ka kooban tahay isku dar ah ee shan noocyada kala duwan ee isotopes, kuwaas oo: ¹⁸⁰ W (0,135% WT.), ¹⁸² W (26,41%), ¹⁸³ W (14,4%), ¹⁸⁴ W (30,64%) iyo ¹⁸⁶ W (28,41%). Valency variable tungsten, oo had iyo jeer u dhiganta tirada 2 ilaa 6, in nooc kasta oo isotope ah.

By 2016 waxaa la horey u yaqaan lix iyo soddon nin-dhigay foomamka macmal ah tungsten aqoonsaday radionuclides tirooyin mass 157 ... 179, 181, 185, 187 ... 197. tungsten Open si dabiici ah ku dhaco shucaaca ahaa sanadkii 2003, laakiin heerka uu aad u hooseeyo, taas oo u dhiganta qiyaastii laba disintegrations garaamka sanadkiiba, iyo xaaladda suuska this waa bir α-waxqabad.

Gebogebadii

Inta badan bir madax adkaadeen jira waxaa tungsten. Guryaha jireenka ah, noo oggolaan in la helo meel tiro balaadhan oo ah waxqabadyada aadanaha warshadaha, ka injineernimada iyo dhamaanayey ilaalinta ka shucaaca. Birta la furay qallafsan laba jeer, labadii sano ee gooni, laakiin midkoodna Scheele ama walaalahaa Eluard run ahaantii ma sheegan in ay mudnaan sharaf uu helay. valence ee tungsten waa variable iyo qaadataa qiimaha a of labo ilaa lix, laakiin, sida horeba looga hadlay, foomka ugu xasilloon ayaa lix valence. Waa arrin aad u adkaysi u daxalka, dhici karta inay alkali iyo kala diri ee isku dar ah ee acids hydrofluoric iyo nitric.

Gargaarka tungsten qaybsan tiro badan oo ah noocyada sida uu habka of dil, foomka oo bir ah, oo ay field of codsiga. Waxaa jira noocyo badan oo ay isotope, iyo element ah ee dabiiciga ah waxaa si liidata calaamadeeyay guryaha shucaaca oo aad si tartiib ah disintegrates. The eed hannaanka ah ee qaybo ka iyo dayactir, tiro balaadhan oo ah qalabka iyo qalabka loo isticmaalo by nin, waa tungsten. Xitaa qiimaha halkii kiilo bir waa mid qaali ah, hase ahaatee aysan u yareeyaan baahida ay u sameeyeen, sababta oo ah tayo leh u dhigma qiimaha wixii uu weyddiistay.