Steel High daawaha: sharaxaad, technology alxanka a, muuqaalada iyo dhidibada

In times casriga ah waa kuwo ku adag in ay qiimayn dheeraad muhiimadda ay leedahay waxyaabaha metallurgy waxaa si ballaaran loo adeegsado warshadaha, dhismaha, housewares saarka, isticmaalka reerka. Laakiin fiiro gaar ah waa in la alloyed steels, iyada oo aan taas oo tiro badan oo warshadaha (mashiinka-dhisidda, kiimikada, tamarta, processing cuntada, wax soo saarka ee naqshado gaar ah, ujeedada ugu weyn ee kaas oo ah in lagu shaqeeyo xaalado adag) aysan awoodi doonin inay qabtaan hawlo ay aasaasiga ah.

Su'aashu waxa ay imanaysaa: Waa maxay steel daawaha, Alloys ay? Maxaa jiro kala soocidda ah ee xubno alloying ah? Maxay yihiin astaamaha ugu muhiimsan iyo hantida bir-daawaha sare? Kuwani iyo arrimo kale qaar ka mid ah waxaan isku dayi doonaa sida ugu badan ee jawaabaha faahfaahsan oo ay suurtagal tahay in this article.

Waa maxay steel daawaha?

Ha noo ugu horeysay u ogaato waxa uu yahay biraha. Daawaha steel - daawaha ah oo bir ah iyo carbon, oo ka kooban waxyaabaha gaarka ah ee saamaynaya guryaha makaanikada iyo jireed ugu weyn ee wax soo saarka ugu dambeeya ee warshadaha qodniinka-. Canaasiirta in ay ku daray in ay ka kooban daawaha aasaasiga ah, loo yaqaan dopants. Chrome, nickel, vanadium, manganese, copper - group hoose.

noocyada kala duwan ee steel

Waxaa jira kala soocidda ka mid ah xubno ka alloying, kaas oo ku salaysan ay boqolkiiba daawaha:

• steel High alloyed - 10-50%.
• Srednelegirovannoj - 2.5-10%.
• daawaha hoose - ilaa 2.5%.

Species: steel-daawaha sare, Alloys

Tixgeli dhibic kale oo xiiso leh. steel alloyed High iyo Alloys ay sidoo kale kala soocidda ah. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee soo socda waxaa loo isticmaalaa in xaaladaha qaarkood:

• Heat u adkaysta ama bir madax adkaadeen.
• Daxalka u adkaysta.

Iyada oo ku saleysan boqollayda element alloying ah, noocyada soo socda:

• Chrome manganese steel.
• Chrome-nickel.
• Chrome.

Isticmaalka steels-daawaha sare

Isla sidaas u dhaqmaan halkaas oo bir ah? steel High-daawaha iyo Alloys ay yihiin qaybaha muhiimka ah ee wax soo saarka ee alaabooyin kala duwan. The warshadaha soo socda ma aan samayn karo aan isticmaalo:

• Kiimikada.
• warshadaha Oil.
• injineer ah.
• Construction.
• naqshado Warshadaha, ujeedada ugu weyn ee kaas oo ah in ay ka shaqeeyaan jawi colaadeed (heerkulka sare, dhinacada).

Intaa waxaa dheer ee xubno alloying waxay suuro gelineysaa in la gaaro guryaha farsamo gaar ah. Sidaa darteed, bir-daawaha sare waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida qaybaha qabow u adkaysta. Inta badan waxa ay ka dhacdaa in industry injineernimada biraha. The ugu caansan waa-daawaha sare steels austenitic, oo ka kooban qayb alloyed oo degan oo ku saabsan 55%, iyo inta kale - bir ah, chromium (qiyaastii 18%), nickel (8%). Alloying qaybaha of Halabuurka this lagu go'aamiyaa Ujeedada dheeraad ah ee alaabta soo saaray.

Isticmaalka steel daxalka u adkaysta

steels-daawaha sare daxalka u adkaysta waxaa loo isticmaalaa in jawi gaaska ama cawaaqib xumadoodu waxay acid. Farqiga u dabeecad u yahay content hoos carbon - qiyaastii 0,12%. alloying dheeraad ah iyo daaweynta kaamerada ogolaan in la helo daawaha gaar ah in iska caabin kara xaaladaha dagaal ee gaaska ama jawi bir dareere ah.

Isticmaalka steels kooban tungsten ama molybdenum at 7% iyo boron shaqeyn karaan heerkulka ilaa 1100 degrees. Tungsten iyo molybdenum - xubno la xiriira xoojiye ah. In la kordhiyo iska caabin ah lagu qayilo, alaabooyinka sida xubno alloying waxaa lagu daraa Silicon ama aluminium. dhismayaasha noocan oo kale ah waxaa loo isticmaali karaa sida xubno ka kululaynta ama foornada.

astaamaha ugu muhiimsan ee biraha

steel High alloyed wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin iyo sifooyinka in ogolaadaan isticmaalka weyn ee alaabta soo saaray. steels noocan oo kale ah ay leeyihiin sifooyinka soo socda:

• Xoog (gaaray by daaweyn kulaylka).
• caabin The daxalka.
• Resistance si geedi lahayo ku.
• Ductility (marka la barbardhigo carbon steel ductility at jeer ka badan).
• Nonmagnetic (steel loo isticmaalo injineernimada).
• Barti.
• Hagaajiyey.
• Weldability.

Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in caanaha waa daawaha kala duwan, guryaha kala duwan ee laga helo. qaab-dhismeedka waxaa si fudud u bedelay ay sabab u tahay daaweyn kulaylka iyo qaybaha alloying. Sidaas darteed, waxaa suurtagal ah si aad u hesho guryaha loo baahan yahay xaaladaha qabyada ah. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa laga yaabaa in sare-18% birta chromium leeyihiin oo qayb ka ah nickel, taas oo ka dhigaysa waxaa suurto gal ah si aad u hesho iska caabin ah daxalka iyo brittleness qabow.

Alxanka steels-daawaha sare waxay fursad si aad u hesho waxyaabaha loo isticmaali karo oo dhan cimiladu. Sidaas daraaddeed, habka shtamposvarki ogolaanaya isticmaalka sheyga ugu dambeeya ee heerkulka si ba'an u hooseeyo - hoos si jaray 253 degrees Celsius. processing Gaarka ah ee u ogolaanaya in ay hesho ferrosilidy Silicon in shaqeyn karaan in acids xoog (nitric, phosphoric iyo kuwo kale).

engegnaantiinna High steel alloyed kala duwan, awoodda abrasion sare. Sidaas darteed, qalabka acid u adkaysta waa - C15 iyo C17, iyo chromium, vanadium iyo manganese la kordhiyo iska caabin ah Duugga ah daawaha ah.

Noocyada steels-daawaha sare guryaha kaamerada

Iyada oo ku saleysan sifooyinka kaamerada, waxaa jira kala soocidda soo socda:

• Platinum (EN42) - waxaa loo isticmaalaa wax soo saarka ee electrodes, kuwaasi oo loo isticmaalo in laambadihii incandescent. Tani waa sababta oo Wehliyaha ballaarinta waa isku mid sida in muraayad ah.
• Elinvars (H8N36) - fiican ee ilo watch iyo alaabtii. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in modulus ah laastikada waa joogto ah iyo waxa aan la wada baabbi'iyey marka heerkulku ka -50 in +100 degrees Celsius.
• Invar (I36) - waxaa loo isticmaalaa heerka wax soo saarka, lagu qiyaaso xubno ka, sida Wehliyaha ballaarinta waa loo siman yahay si eber.

hanti madadaalo ah daxalka of steel (kaliya-daawaha sare ahama) waa magnetic. Sidaa darteed la kala saaro noocyada nonmagnetic iyo magnetic ee biraha sida. Midkii kowaad wuxuu u qaybsan yahay dacawo magnetic magnetically jilicsan iyo mid adag, iyo kan dambeba ka kooban yihiin Cobalt, chromium.

Standard: steels-daawaha sare

bir xoog badan oo kale oo looga baahan yahay daawaha madax adkaadeen waxaa nidaaminaya xeer khaas ah by, kuwaas oo ay GOST 5632-72.

steels-daawaha sare Brand

The ugu caansan iyo si fiican u yaqaan waa kuwan soo socda noocyada kala duwan ee birta :

• Ferrite: 15H28, 12H17, 08Kh18T1, 15H25T, 08H18Tch, 10H13SYU.
• Martensitic: 15H11MF, 40H9S2, 18H11MNFB, 40H10S2M, 95X18, 25H13N2, 20H17N2, 13H11N2V2MF, 40X13, 20X13, 20H17N2, 13H14N3V2FR.
• Austenitic-martensitic: 07H16N6, 08H17N5M3, 08H17N6T, 09H17N7YU1.
• Austenitic-ferritic: 08H21N6M2T, 08H22N6T, 08H20N14S2, 20H23N13, 12H21N5T, 03H22N6M2.
• Martensitic-ferritic: 12H13, 18H12VMBFR, 14H17N2, 15H12VNMF.
• Austenitic: 05H18N10T, 45H22N4M3, 45H14NMV2M, 10H14G14N4T, 03H18N10T, 08H16N13M2B, 12H18N12T, 03H18N12, 03H16N15M3B, 10H11N23T3MR, 20H23N18, 10H11N20T2R, 12X18H9T, 12H18N9, 20H25N20S2.

Isticmaalka steels daawaha:

• 40X13, 30Ch13 - isticmaalo cirbadaha carburetor, baxaa baabuurta, alaabtii qalliinka.
• 12H17 - brand bir-daawaha sare, waxaa loo isticmaalaa soo saaridda ee alaabta jikada iyo alaabta guriga.
• 20H13, 12H13, 08H13 - isticmaalaa in lagu sameeyo xubno rakiban Haydarooliga, dhismayaasha ka hawl xaalado dagaal hooseeyo.
• 95X18 - loo isticmaalo wax soo saarka ee kubada aad u adag.