Sakharov Prize. Abaalmarinta "Waayo Freedom of Thought 'Andrei Sakharov

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich (dhashay 05.21.1921, dhintay 14.12.1989) - jirka dadka u fiican, mid ka mid ah aasaasayaasha qarax hydrogen ah, ee Soviet dhaqdhaqaaqe ugu horeysay xuquuqda aadanaha, siyaasi, Academician ee USSR ah, guusha ee Nobel Peace Prize. Sayniska iyo siyaasadeed qoraallada Sakharov ayaa lagu turjumey luqado badan oo qalaad, iyo dabeecadaha, waxay aaminsan yihiin iyo daahfurtay in ay aqoonsan by saynisyahano iyo saraakiisha dawladda adduunka oo dhan.

"Waayo, Freedom of Thought 'In 1988, Baarlamaanka Yurub ayaa aasaasay abaalmarinta sanadlaha ah ee Sakharov ah.

Saharov Andrey. Biography

Wuxuu ku dhashay AD Sakharov ee Moscow, halkaas oo uu caruurnimadiisii iyo dhalinyarada hore ku qaatay. In dugsiga hoose, ma uu tegin, oo waxaa lagu bartay guriga, la aabbihiis, oo macallin ka ah ee physics samaynaya. Sakharov hooyadiis ahayd mid guri joogta ah. School of saynisyahan mustaqbalka bilaabay in ay ka qayb kaliya fasalka 7-dii, oo ka dib markii ay dhamaystirka uu galay Jaamacadda Moscow ee Kuliyadda ee Physics.

Markii uu dagaalku qarxay, Andrei Sakharov isku dayeen in ay soo galaan akadeemiga military, laakiin waxa uu ahaa ma aqbali ay sabab u tahay caafimaadka dadka saboolka ah. Wada jir ah ula Moscow State University Andrew laga saarey in Ashgabat, halkaas oo uu ka qalin sharaf waxbarashada ee 1942.

Bilowgii hawl sayniska

Ka dib markii qalin-jabinta, Sakharov in qaybinta geedka rasaas Ulyanovsk yimid. Halkan ayuu ugu dhakhsaha badan uu helo qaabkii loo hagaajiyo ay gacanta ku soo saarka tayada, iyo barayaa galay wax soo saarka uu la alifay marka hore.

In 1943-44 Andrey Dmitrievich Saharov madax banaan on waraaqaha dhowr sayniska oo u dirta madaxa qaybta akhriska ee Institute Physics ah. Lebedeva IE Tamm Iyo horraantii 1945, Sakharov ayaa waxaa looga yeeray Moscow baaritaanka iyo gelitaanka si ay u qalin iskuulka. In 1947 wuxuu difaacay sida uu u sha, iyo in 1948 ku biiray kooxda qarsoodi ah cilmibaadhe oo ku lug leh abuurista hub thermonuclear magaalada xiran of Arzamas-16. In amarka this, Saharov Andrey Dmitrievich noqday xubin ka mid ah design iyo abuurka bam ugu horeysay hydrogen, uu cilmi baaris ilaa 1968. Markaas ayuu wada jir ah ula Tamm tijaabiyay maamulka reaction thermonuclear.

In 1953, Sakharov noqday dhakhtar ee cilmiga jirka iyo xisaabta oo ayaa loo doortay xubin ka mid ah Academy of Sciences ee USSR.

siyaasadda la aaminsan yahay Andreya Saharova

Dhamaadkii 1950, Sakharov waxay bilaabeen inay si firfircoon uga soo horjeeda tijaabinta hubka nuclear. Sidaas darteed ka mid ah hawlaha ay la saxiixay heshiis mamnuucaya baaritaano saddex deegaan (jawiga, badda iyo meel) iyo sanadkii 1966 iyadoo lala kaashanayo saynisyahano kale, wuxuu daabacay warqad wadajir ah ka gees ah dayactirka Stalin.

In 1968, views siyaasadeed Sakharov ayaa helay hab ee caalamiga ah ee ay ka kooban tahay iyo muhiimadda siyaasadeed ee maqaalka, halkaas oo cilmiga la fikirka ku saabsan horumarka ballaaran ee xorriyadda xagga maskaxda iyo suurtagalnimada of noolaanshaha nabad u dhexeeya nidaamka siyaasadeed ee kala duwan. In uu shaqo, isaguna wuu la hadlay oo ku saabsan baahida loo qabo isku daya in labada dhinac ee nidaamka raasammaaliyade la hantiwadaagga ah si ay u abuuraan aasaas u ah horumar kale iyo nabadda dunida oo dhan. article Tani waxaa lagu turjumay luqado badan, iyo wareegga dibadda lacag dhan in ka badan 20 million. Nuqulada. Xukuumadda Soviet ma mahad Sakharov la faafinta kala duwan, fikradaha shaqeeya. Waxa uu ahaa laga saaray shaqada qarsoon ee hubka nuclear ee Arzamas-16, iyo saynisyahan soo noqday inuu ka shaqeeyo Institute jirka ah.

Andrei Sakharov sii kordheysa jeclaan of fikradda ah howlaha xuquuqda aadanaha, taasoo keentay in 1970 noqday xubin ka mid ah kooxda la aasaasay Guddiga xuquuqda aadanaha. Waxa uu noqday mid si firfircoon uga difaacaan xuquuqda aadanaha asaasiga ah: xaq u leeyahay inuu helo oo gudbiyo macluumaad, inay dalka ka baxaan iyo in ay soo noqdaan, xorriyadda damiirka.

Buuga "On dalka iyo dunida"

Sida khabiir ku ah oo duurka ku ah hub nuclear, sonkor waxaa inta badan lagu sameeyaa la call for hub ka dhigista, iyo in 1975 la daabacay buug uu qoray "On dalka iyo dunida." In shaqo this, cilmiga, oo hadda siyaasi, Af Xumeeyaan dhaleeceeyay jira waqti nidaam siyaasadeed, fikirka hal xisbiga, xadeyn ku saabsan xuquuqda iyo xorriyadaha. Sakharov yeedhay Midowga Soofiyeeti "halis u ah dunida xiray gobolka booliska keligii, ku hubeysan hubka sare ku shaqeeya oo uu leeyahay kheyraad aad u weyn." Academician bixiyaa tiro ka mid ah dib u habaynta la xidhiidha qayb siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha labada hawlaha dowladda, taasoo keentay, in uu ra'yi, in "loo hagaajiyo xaaladda bulshada ee dalka."

Iyadoo la tixgelinayo in dalalka reer galbeedka Sakharov hadlay oo ka mid ah "yeelay Tabaryari iyo daadsanaan," yeedhay hoggaamiyaha Maraykanka oo ku baaqay in midnimada, mar kale ku nuuxnuuxsaday baahida loo qabo in hub ka dhigis ah si wadajir ah.

A saynisyahan item gaar ah carabka ku adkeeyay muhiimadda ay leedahay ilaalinta xuquuqda aadanaha oo adduunka ah, gaar ahaan xaq u leedahay inaad doorato dalka ay deggan yihiin iyo si aad u hesho macluumaad, iyo sidoo kale baahida loo qabo daryeel buuxa oo ka mid ah dalalka "dunida saddexaad".

ku abaal marinta Nobel Prize

Ka dib markii la daabaco buugga "On dalka iyo dunida", kaas oo la tarjumay iyo daabacay gudbiyo ee dalka, ma siyaasi ama saynisyahan Midowga Soofiyeeti aan ku faani karta oo kale ayaa adduunka ka caan ah sida sonkorta. Prize Peace ayaa laga helay ay geesiga October 9, 1975. War hawsha Nobel Committee Sakharov waxaa la odhan jiray "taageero cabsi la'aan ah mabaadi'da asaasiga ah ee nabadda," iyo cilmiga "dagaalka geesinimo leh xadgudub awoodeed iyo qaababka kala duwan ee xakamaynta ee sharafta aadanaha."

Hoggaanka Soviet go'aansaday in dibadda kama tegi karo sida qofka khatar ah sida Andrei Sakharov. Prize Nobel waxaa la guddoonsiiyey si ay naagtiisii, Elena Bonner, kuwaas oo akhriyey ninkeeda iyo muxaadaro ku saabsan "Peace, horumarka iyo xuquuqda aadanaha." Mar Sakharov xaaskiisa afka cambaareeyey oo dhan qaladaadkeyga awoodda siyaasadda iyo xaaladda guud ahaan, labadaba USSR iyo dunida oo dhan.

Kado abaalgudyo iyo link

caws engegan oo kale la soo dhaafay in ka qarxay samirkii hoggaanka Soviet, waxay ahayd adag hadalka Sakharov ee 1979 ka dhanka ah gelitaanka Afgaanistaan. Presidium ee Soviet Sare ee Academy USSR ee laga xayuubiyey abaalmarinada oo dhan, oo ay ku jiraan horyaalka saddex jeer Hero of Socialist Labour ee January 1980.

Sakharov la xiray waddada oo loo qaaday magaalada Gorky, halkaas oo cilmiga ku noolaa in ay wadaagaan uu qaddar iyo xaaskiisa of 7 sano xabsi guri.

Inkasta oo dibedda, saynisyahan arkeen sida kaliya si ay ula dagaalamaan Dulmi cuntojoojin indefinite. Laakiinse waxaa isaga loo qaaday isbitaal iyo xoog-nuujiyo.

Return iyo dayactirka

Perestroika ahayd xoog, Mikhail Gorbachev loo ogol yahay inuu ku soo laabto Sakharov oo uu shaqada sayniska. Sonkorta dib u bilawnay hadlayo call a in hubka oo noqday xubin ka mid ah Golaha Sare ee ku Academy of Sciences. Oo tacliinta lahaa in mar kale doondoonaan xaq u leeyahay inuu ka hadlo dhibaatooyinka uu kacsan yahay.

Halgan A joogto ah la xadeynta jira nidaam siyaasadeed oo sano daal xidhnaa si xoog leh hoos caafimaadka Sakharov ah. Ka dib markii muran joogta ah iyo isku day aan micne lahayn si ay u caddeeyaan saxnimada wadno guriga ku dhintay cilmiga iyo xuquuqda aadanaha u ololeeya weyn Saharov Andrey. Biography The ninkan waxaa ka buuxa taariikhaha muhiimka ah iyo dhacdooyinka khaas ah. Hibadiisa ilaalinta xuquuqda aadanaha iyo horumarinta physics nuclear.

Sakharov Prize "waayo xorriyadda xagga fikradda"

bulshada sayniska Dibadda, madaxda siyaasadda, sida dadka ku nool wadamada reer galbeedka, mahad muhiimadda ay leedahay oo ka mid ah waxay aaminsan yihiin Sakharov oo qoto dheer oo uu ka qayb qaateen in adduunka oo idil ilaalinta xuquuqda aadanaha. In Germany, Lithuania, United States iyo dalalka kale ee ay leeyihiin jidadka, god iyo firdows magacaabay nin weyn ka dib.

Baarlamaanka Yurub ayaa weli ka yar nolosha sayniska, 1988, abaalmarinta for "helo xorriyadda xagga fikradda" Sakharov la ansixiyay. Abaalmarinta ayaa la soo bandhigay sannadkii December iyo 50 kun oo Euro.. Prize Sakharov waxaa lagu abaalmariyey kartaa guulaha in mid ka mid ah meelaha soo socda ee u doodista:

• ilaalinta xuquuqda iyo xorriyaadka asaasiga ah;
• ilaalinta xuquuqda beelaha laga tirada badan;
• ixtiraamka sharciga caalamiga ah;
• horumarinta geedi socodka dimoqraadiyada iyo xaqiijinta ee eegidda warqadda sharciga.

Winners ah "For Freedom of Thought 'abaalmarinta

Kii u horreeyey ayaa ku guuleystay, taas oo lagu abaalmariyey Prize Sakharov ee, wuxuu ahaa dagaalyahan ah oo South Africa soo horjeedo midab, Mandela oo maxbuuska ah ayaa Soviet siyaasadeed Marchenko.

In sano ee ku xiga, Andreya Saharova Prize waxaa la guddoonsiiyey hay'adda Argentine "Hooyooyinkii de Plaza ee Mayo" (1992), wargeyska reer Bosnia iyo Herzegovina (1993), Qaramada Midoobay (2003), Ururka Belarus of Journalists (2004), dhaqdhaqaaqa Cuba "Ladies ee White" (2005) iyo tiro ka mid ah ururada kale iyo shakhsiyaadka kuwaas oo waxqabad ka kooban yahay ee xuquuqda aadanaha iyo xorriyaadka.

Ururka xuquuqda aadanaha "Memorial"

In 2009, sanadka ah ee guuradii labaatanaad ee dhimashada Andrei Sakharov, Baarlamaanka Yurub abaal Prize Peace in ay ururka xuquuqda aadanaha "Memorial". Waxaa xusid mudan in mid ka mid ah aasaasayaasha ururka iyo guddoomiyaha ugu horeysay, halka bulshada aad u yar ahaa Academician Sakharov. "Memorial" si buuxda u nuugo oo dhan fikrado Sakharov ku saabsan eegidda xuquuqda aadanaha iyo xorriyadda xagga maskaxda gaar ahaan in ay awoodaan in horumarka horusocod ah ee dunida oo dhan.

Waqtigan xaadirka ah, ee "Memorial" - waa weyn urur aan dawli ahayn oo xafiisyo ku leh Germany iyo dalalka ku bahoobay hore ee Soviet. Hawlaha ugu muhiimsan ee bulshada this waa u doodid, cilmi-baarista iyo waxbarashada.

Kooxda ku guuleysatay abaalmarinta Maanta "for Freedom of Thought"

In 2013, abaalmarinta ay u sharaxan wakiilka hore ee CIA E. Snowden iyo maxaabiista siyaasadeed ee Belarus, oo waxaa la guddoonsiiyey iskuulka ka Sakharov Prize iyo toban Pakistan Malala Yousafzai, kaasoo kiciyay halgan aan qummanaynu la Taliban iyo dhammaan nidaamka hadda xaq u leedahay in dhigooda, inay dugsiga dhigtaan. Iyada oo kow iyo toban sannadood Malala dhawray blog ah ee BBC, kaas oo kuu sharaxaya si faahfaahsan dhibaatooyinka nolosha iyo habdhaqanka ee Taliban ee waxbarashada gabdhaha.

In 2014, Prize Sakharov ku abaalmariyey Denis Mukvege, dumarka ka Congo. dareenka ee Baarlamaanka Yurub ninkan soo jiidatay by xaqiiqada ah in abaabulan ee xarunta dalka, kaas oo bixiya gargaarka nafsi iyo caafimaad dhibanayaasha xadgudubka galmada.

Sakharov Prize kale

Sannadkii 2001, ganacsade iyo xuquuqda aadanaha u ololeeya Petrom Vinsom, kaasoo ku dhashay Kiev ee 1956, waxaa la aasaasay by Ruushka Andrei Sakharov Prize "Waayo, Journalism sida camalka ah". Guddoomiyaha xeerbeegtida abaalmarinta tani waa dhaqdhaqaaqe qoraa, filim iyo xuquuqda aadanaha A. Simonov ah, iyo inta kale ee guddiga garsoorayaasha ka koobnaan ku sociologists Ruush caan ah, saxafiyiinta iyo difaacayaasha xuquuqda aadanaha. Oo ka qaybgalaysa doorashada ee ku guuleystay iyo tiro ka mid ah suxufiyiinta ka Spain, USA iyo Austria.

Sakharov Prize "Waayo, Journalism sida camalka ah" la siiyo si ay u qoraaga Ruush waxaa doodaya in ay shaqada qiyamka iyo hadafyada goobto kuwaas oo la diriray Sakharov, ka dhigteen meel ay nolosha.

In 2012, abaalmarinta waxaa la guddoonsiiyey Viktoru Shostko, wariye u gaarka ah ee wargeyska Rostov "ridayeen The". Waxa uu soo jiidatay dadweynaha iyo xeerbeegtida uu baaritaan saxaafadda oo ka mid ah xaaladaha soo gabgabeeyo dilalka mass ee tuulada Kushchevskaya, gobolka Rostov.

In sannadood oo kale abaalmarinahaas noqday wariye Ruush yaqaan Tatyana Sedykh, Elvira Gorukhino Galina Kowalska, Anna Politkovskaya iyo kuwa kale.

Sakharov - nin aad u fiican kuwaas oo soddon sanno ka hor ka digay ku saabsan dhibaatooyinka dunida, lagu arkay maanta. Waxa uu ka daalin isku dayeen si ay u muujiyaan ciidamada talada haya ee jidadka toosan ka soo xiisadda dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed. In sawirka Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich inta badan lagu arki karaa indhaha gubanaya fikrad hoose. Tani tiir oo fikirka Ruush tagay Ehelkiisa in uu qoraalladiisa il Nuxaad ah xigmad siyaasadeed.