Potr Nikitich Tkachov: Biography, xirfadiisa suugaanta, oo Kash ah, views siyaasadeed

Petr Nikitich Tkachev (1844-1885) - fikirka caan Ruush kacaan ah loona keenay. article ayaa ka hadlay si faahfaahsan uu Biography, views iyo fikradaha.

Childhood sano iyo dhowr iyo toban jirka

Petr Nikitich Tkachev waxa uu ku dhashay on June 29, 1844 ee gobolka Pskov ah (tuulo Sivtsova). waxay ahaayeen labadiisii waalid Sidukiinta ku soo degay. First Peter Nikititch booqday 2aad Petersburg gymnasium. Markaas, ka fasalka shanaad ee dugsiga naxwaha ee 1861 uu ku qoran sharciga St. Petersburg University ee macalimiinta. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, daraasadda ma lahayn Peter Tkachev. Xaqiiqdu waxay tahay in wakhtiga oo xasilloonni darro arday bilaabay, taasoo keentay in jaamacadda la xiray. Waxaa ka mid ah ka qaybgalayaasha kale firfircoon, kuwaas oo rabshado Tkachev markii ugu horaysay la siiyay ee Peter iyo Paul qalcadda (bishii October), ka dibna Kronstadt, kaas oo uu sii daayay bishii December.

Difaaca ee sha ah, feature a of views kacaan

Markaasaa boqorkii wuxuu ku amray in uu ka tago Peter Nikitich magaalada dhiibay hooyadiis. Tkachev aan fursad u helay in ay sii wadaan waxbarashada jaamacadda. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, toddoba sano ka dib, wuxuu weli maray imtixaanka uu arday dibadda, soo bandhigay uu sha oo noqday musharax ee xaq. Waxbaa ka dib, in dhaleeceeyay Lavrov for xaqiiqda ah in uu aad u ahaa ka go'ay dhaqdhaqaaqa kacaan, Peter Nikitich qoray isaga qudhiisa ku saabsanaa in tan iyo gymnasium ma ogayn bulshada kale, marka laga reebo kuwa nin oo dhallinyaro ah, kuwaas oo caadaysatay in ay isugu ardayga, qolalka reading abaabulay, iyo dugsiyada Sunday, warshadaha hadlo iyo beerta iyo sidaas. on. Waxa uu had iyo jeer ahaa ma ahan oo keliya iyaga, laakiin iyaga ka mid ah, xataa marka waxaan ku jiray dhufayskii. Peter Nikitich focus on xal degdeg ah Dhibaatooyinka qaar ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqa kacaan sameeyay qaababka sifo oo uu fikradda hantiwadaagga.

Ka qaybgalka ururada kacaan

Tkachev intii uu tababarka gymnasium wuxuu bilaabay in uu akhriyo suugaanta hantiwadaagga. Waxa uu noqday ogyahay ee publications ee Herzen iyo Ogarev, articles Dobrolyubov iyo Chernyshevsky. Horeba aayaadka hore la xiriira 1860-62 xisaabeedka. (Qaar ka mid ah way u tageen liisaska), Tkachev baray kacaanka ridayeen. Waxa uu ugu dambeyntii helay on Jidka kacaanka tan iyo 1861. Tan iyo waqti in Tkachev waxaa si firfircoon uga qayb dhaqdhaqaaqa ardayga, oo sababtay in marar badan sakhiray si ay u xiraan, search, imtixaan. Peter Nikitich ahayd si joogto ah hoos ilaalo booliska. Waxa uu ka adeegi xukun xabsi ah ku dhawaad sannad.

In 1862, waxaa furay xubnaha goobada L. Olszewski. goobada waxaa la isku diyaarineysa inay daabacaan waraaqo dhowr ah, oo boqorkii u yeedheen afgembiyo. In 1865 iyo 1866, Petr Nikitich Tkachev ayaa ku dhawaa inuu urur I. ku Hudyakova iyo NA Ishutina A., iyo in 1867 iyo 1868 - in "Rublevskoe bulshada", kuwaas oo xubno ka qaadeen on dacaayad lagu fuliyay macalimiinta sal lahayn. Waxaa kale oo la og yahay in Peter Tkachev ee 1868 waxaa iska lahaa bulsho ee "Smorgon", oo ah urur ka horreeyay aasaasay S. G. Nechaevym ah. Markaas, ee 1868-1869 GG., Peter Nikitich wada jir ah ula Nechayev ahaa xubin ka mid ah guddiga joogtada ee dhaqdhaqaaqa ardayga St. Petersburg ah.

bilowga hawshani suugaanta

In June 1862 bilaabay xirfadiisa suugaanta Petra Nikiticha. Tayadiisa suugaanta lagu soo dajiyey in 60 ka. Sida a kacaan Narodnichestvo afka baarkiisa, naqdiya cajiib ah iyo qoraa Tkachev wada dhowr wargeysyada horusocod ah. Waa in la ogaadaa in ee ugu horeysay ee articles uu u hibeeyeen ilaa ay dhaleeceyn ah dib u habaynta garsoorka, taas oo ay xukuumadda ayaa la qorsheeyey, gaar ahaan niyadda mucaaradka kacaan-dimuqraadi ah. Waxay la soo daabacay wargeyska "Epoch" iyo walaalihiis "Time" Dostoevsky, iyo sidoo kale in ay "Library for Reading".

Aqoon qoraaladii Marx

Tiro ka mid ah articles abuuray in muddada u dhaxaysa 1862 si ay u 1864, Peter Nikitich soo jeediyey fikrad ah ee beddelo xiriirka bulshada ee hadda jira ee Russia on mabaadi'da hantiwadaagga by ururada qalabka network dalka iyo warshadaha waxbarasho, gaar ahaan dalalkii Anfaco. Ilaa waqtigan, uu kula kulmay qaar ka mid ah shuqulladii Karla Marksa Petr Nikitich Tkachev.

Uu Biography bishii December 1865, by xaqiiqada ah in "erayga Ruush" markii ugu horeysay saxaafada sharciga ah ee dalka soo sha ugu weyn ee Marx la xiriira fikrad ah materialist taariikhda, taas oo uu ku soo bandhigay in hordhac ah u "Qaadaadhig of calaamadeeyay Dhaqaalaha Siyaasadda". Waa in la ogaadaa in ay wakhtigan Tkachev hore u ahaa ka geysato si joogto ah si ay u laba majaladaha dimuqraadi ah ( "Business" iyo "Ruush Word"). dhab ahaantii wuxuu meeshiisii Pisarev, kuwaas oo la saaray ee Peter iyo Paul qalcadda. ra'yigaa kor ku Peter Nikitich dallacsiiyey mustaqbalka, sax? in ay u macneeyeen, xoogaa fududeeyey.

Samaynta fikradda Tkachev

In 1868, Tkachev P. N. waxaan ku daabacan charter ee Caalamiga ah ee turjumaad (lifaaqa inuu kitaabka Beker), iyo sidoo kale qaynuunkii Bank of National Proudhon. views Peter Nikitich dhamaadka 1860 horumariyo fikrad gaar ah. Waxa uu ku baaqay in a kacaanka siyaasadeed iyo bulsho ee dalka. aragtidan waxaa lagu qeexay in wareegga daabacay of Tkachev iyo Nechaev "Barnaamijka garoomada ka kacaan."

Peter iyo Paul qalcaddayda

Waa inaan sheegaa in inta badan waxa uu ku qoray bar Tkachev PN ama iyada oo loo marayo shuruudaha faafreeb ku aadan gudbin, ama waxa loo doortey qabtay tiro badan. Marka, inta lagu guda jiro xasillooni soo socda ardayga (ee March 1869) Tkachev waxaa mar kale la xiray, uu riixay mar 3 lagu eedeeyay suugaanta. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah - ee abuurka iyo baahinta racfaan "in bulshada!", Kaas oo soo bandhigay shuruudaha ardayda; kii labaadna wuxuu ahaa - daabacaada of ururinta hoos magaca "Ray", daabacay halkii "erayga Ruush" ka reebay; saddexaad - for xaqiiqda ah in uu la daabacay buugga "Su'aasha shaqada" E. Beker. Wakhtigan Peter iyo Paul Fortress Peter Nikitich ahayd meel lagu hayo muddo ku dhow afar sano. Bilowga ee 1873 Tkachev diray maxaabiis ee Great Luke guriga. From waxaa jira, ayuu dibadda iyadoo la kaashanayo M. Kupriyanov, aad u kacaan carareen.

dibedda ku nool, dacwad la Somalisch iyo Lavrov

shaqada Magazine, kala gooyey by xiro, waxaana loo cusbooneysiiyay 1872. Tkachev mar kale bilaabay in ay daabacaan maqaallo ay ku sugan "Sababta". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma uu saxeexin magiciisa iyo magac been kala duwan (All isku, P. Grachioli, P. Gy Lee, baruurta PN, PN Nyon, P. Nikitin).

In London iyo Geneva Peter Nikitich hal mar la soo shaqeeyay P. L. Lavrovym (uu sawirka waxaa sare lagaa siin) si loogu diyaar garoobo daabaco Macalester "Forward!". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, durbadiiba waxaa tallaabooyinka u horeeya ee laga qaaday dibedda, calaamadeeyay dacwad halis ah la Somalisch iyo Lavrov. Sannadkii 1874tii ee Zurich iyo London lagu daabacay Buug Tkachev "hawlaha dacaayad kacaan ..." iyo "Waraaq furan oo Fridrihu Engelsu." muranku ka this si deg deg ah ku riday Peter Nikitich meel cidlo ah dibadda.

Haajirad Suugaanta Somalisch, Lavrov iyo dadka kale ee meel wax yar ka duwan yahay Peter Nikitich istaagay. nuxurka khilaafka ka dhexeeya labada waa in loo arkaa Tkachev halganka siyaasadeed ee sida shuruud muhiim ah kacaanka mustaqbalka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, doorka tacsida ah taas oo uu ku dhayalsan waxa ay u cuntami waayey Muhaajiriinta badan Ruush. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, laga tirada badan yahay ee kacaan Waa Inuu Ku Guuleystaa xoog, in la dhiso dawlad cusub, si ay u fuliyaan Isbadal ku kacaan, muujiyaan danaha dadka. Arintaan ka faa'iidaysan karaan oo keliya ka natiijada. Peter Tkachev qaldamay in ay opinion in boqortooyada laha ciidda bulshada ee Russia, in aanay waayo danaha fasalka gaar ah. Friedrich Somalisch, markeeda, in articles uu qoray dhaleeceeyay Tkachev sheegay views in uu tixgeliyaa yar yar.

Daabacaadan of joornaalka "Alarm" ah

Peter Nikitich, ka soo baxay "! Forward", Found taageerayaasha ka mid ah wareegga ah ee "Cercle addoon" (turjumaad - "goobaabin Slavic"), taas oo marka la isku daro soo galootiga Ruush-Polish. Iyadoo ay gargaar, Tkachev, ee 1875 bilaabeen inay daabacaan joornaalka "Alarm" ee Geneva. In magazine this, wuxuu qaaday booska uu ka editor. edition Tani waxa ay ahayd jihada xubin Jacobin u dhow Blanquism, loona soo kacaan. Tkachev in muddo this si cad u muujiyay sida uu views hantiwadaagga, hadlayaan arrimaha xaq akhriska ee hantiwadaagga, iyo xeeladaha kale ee halganka kacaan. In "Alarm" Macalester Peter Nikitich sameeyay polemics la P. L. Lavrovym iyo M. A. Bakuninym. Isaga oo fikradaha, taas oo markii hore ma saamayn badan, oo inta badan diiqayo lahayn, wuxuu bilaabay inuu aad u hesho taageerayaasha dhamaadka 1870s ah. Waxay noqotay in markay dhacaan, jeestay kacaan Ruush in dhaqanka siyaasadeed iyo bulsho iyo shuruudaha halganka kacaan.

"Dadka Liberation Society"

In 1877, Peter Nikitich wada taabacsan u suurtagashay in ay abaabulaan ah "National Liberation Society." Tani waa si adag ururka conspiratorial waxaa la abuuray isticmaalaya Blanquist Communards ka France (Cournet F., Granger E., E. Vaillant et al.). Company saldhigyadii hawlihiisa on qaar ka mid ah wareegyada Ruush (tusaale ahaan, I. M. Kovalskogo in Odessa iyo Zaichnevsky Orel). Tkachev, in 1880, soo shaqeeyay wargeyska "Midkoodna Ilaah midna sayidkiisa" Blanqui.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, eexda ka dhanka ah Peter Nikitich hadhay aad u xoog badan. Sidaas daraaddeed in "Narodnaya Volya" (in erayada V. I. Lenina, hawlaha ay loo diyaariyey Tkachev fikirka) diiday isbahaysi la ah "Alarm", kaas oo uu hore u maleeyay. "Nebaad" joogsadeen daabacaadan ka dib markii la sii daayo kooban ee 1881 wargeyska.

Publication iyagoo isticmaalaya magacyo qarsoon kala duwan

Tkachev, dibadda ku nool, ayaa sii waday in la daabacay saxaafadda sharci Ruush iyagoo isticmaalaya magacyo qarsoon kala duwan, taas oo (oo dhan isku mid ah, Grachioli P. et al.), Waxaan immikaba ku qoran. Sida mid ka mid ah shaqaalaha muhiimka ah "in la sameeyo" Peter Nikitich ayaa daabacday maqaalo badan oo falsafad, sharci, taariikhda, barbaarinta, dhaqaalaha iyo kuwo kale. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mar editor ee magazine this, GE Blagosvetlov dhintay, iskaashiga ma ahaa si joogto ah. All articles dhif u muuqday Tkachev. Waxa ay u muuqatay in hawshu suugaanta iyo kacaan Petra Nikiticha baaba'ayso, laakiin run ahaantii sidaas ma ay ahayn.

Si aad u taariikhda, waxaan bartay qaar ka mid ah xaqiiqooyinka cusub oo ku saabsan sano ee la soo dhaafay ee uu noloshiisa ee Hijrooday ee Tkachev. Waxay soo jeedinayaan in naqdiya Ruush suugaanta iyo kacaan sii waday in ay si firfircoon uga abuuraan. Dhawaan ayaan u suurtagashay in ay hesho wargeyska "Alarm" hantiwadaag ( "Le Tocsin"), kaas oo la daabacay ee South of France (in Narbonne) ee 1882. La daabaco, waayo waxaa lagu qoray Tkachev, kii magiciisa qarinaayay hoos koobay "Gracchus". Inta badan, war saxaafadda la oran karo waa la soo dhaafay.

Tan iyo November 1882 Tkachev, cudurka uu ku faafo, oo sababtay in uu ku jiray isbitaalka. Peter Nikitich ku dhintay Paris on December 23, 1885. Soo xulay ay u shaqayso weligiis taariikhda kacaanka.

views falsafada Tkachev

Ugu jaleecada hore, in sida a hawlaha hodan iyo duwan Tribune-wariye-siyaasi jiro qolka waayo, falsafada halis ah ama iyada waxaa la siiyey darajada hoose, door waadixa shil. Indeed, ka laftiisa rasmiga dhibic Petr Nikitich Tkachev, sida muuqata, waxa ay ina siinaysaa sabab ah malo this. Ka dib oo dhan, waxa uu ahaa naqdiya a kulul oo dhan nidaamka falsafada.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, mid ka mid ah uu articles hore (sida lagu daabacay ee 1863 "metaphysics Law") Tkachev barnaamijkeeda dibuhabaynta falsafada. Waxa uu sheegay in loo baahan yahay in la dhiso a run, wax soo saar, nooshahay falsafadda, taas oo ah shisheeye in nooc kasta oo metaphysics. Waa in wada link ee qaybo ka mid ah cilmiga bulshada, si qasab ah kala diri. falsafada Tani waa bulshada, sayniska bulshada. Waa in ay ka faa'iideysan dadweynaha.

Tkachev sida qoraa marar badan dib ugu dhibaatada falsafada wanaagsan. In fekerkiisa, waa in ay noqon aasaas u ah isbadal dunida, qalab sayniska, muhimka ah ee dunida dhabta ah. Sida siyaasi Petr Nikitich Tkachev gaar ah loogu dhibaatooyin kacaanka, cilmiga, cadaalad ah oo macquul ah si bulshada. Markaasuu wuxuu u yeedhay booskiisa falsafada ah "xaqiiqo" (ama macquulsan).

Halkan qof cajiib ah ayaa la Petr Nikitich Tkachev. xaqiiqooyinka Interesting isaga ku saabsan oo dhan la xiriira kacaanka, kaas oo uu naftiisa oo dhan ayuu soocay.