Nidaamka doorashada - dimuqraadiyadda nidaam

Nidaamka doorashada - a hababka sharci ahaan ku qabanaya si ay u matalaan danaha dadka ee maamulka gobolka iyo deegaanka. farsamooyinka noocan oo kale ah waxaa lagu soo sameeyey saddex ilo muhiim ah: ka mabaadi'da qaran dastuuri ah oo waayo-aragnimo ah taariikhiga ah ee doorashada guud ee madaxda heerarka caalamiga ah (sharciga caalamiga ah), iyo sidoo kale dhaqanka ee aragtida siyaasadda ka jirta meel gaar ah. Si wadajir ah, kuwaas oo saddex qaybood u sameeyaan iska caabin saamayn nidaamka siyaasadeed, oo ay taageerayaan wareegga joogto ah oo beddeli wakiil xisbiga aqoonyahanada dalka ee xarunta iyo dhulka ku.

Fikradda ah nidaamka doorashada

In cilmiga siyaasadda, iyo in shareecada taagan laba qeexitaan oo ah nidaamka doorashada. Midkii kowaad wuxuu ku lug ku sal-dhigida iyo ilaalinta ee heerarka sharciga ah ee doorashada wakiilada dadka, sida kor ku xusan. Qeexidda labaad waxay muujinaysaa in nidaamka doorashooyinka - dhaqanka sharci ee tirinta codadka doorashooyinka ee heer kasta. Lagu gartaa laba muuqaalada hab this. Waa midda koowaade, nidaam kasta oo doorashada aan bandhigi hubinta transient. Sidaa awgeed, waxaa soo baxday in habka doorashada, iyo codadka count ka badan, kuma xirna doonista hoggaamiyaha siyaasadda, mana go'aanka xisbiga xukuma. Second, kaydin iyo "dhimman" maamulka maamulka dhexeeya xafiisyada gudaha iyo xisbiga ugu horeysay siyaasadeed ee ciyaartoyda. In bulshooyinka dimoqraadiga ah waxaa inta badan waa xaalad ay hoggaamiye guud galo khilaafka qarsoon kula wakiillo ka socda ururada maxaliga ah ama ujeedooyinka gaarka ah Wasiirka hor istaagay waaxda wasaaradda ay sabab u tahay xaqiiqada ah in hawlaha saraakiisha iyo weyn kuma xirna siyaasadaha Wasiirka doonista shakhsiga.

Nidaamka Doorashooyinka in ay kala duwanaanta

Caadooyinka formation of nidaamka doorashooyinka waa inuu dib u ma aha oo kaliya in ay taariikhiga ah, laakiin sidoo kale si ay u waayo-aragnimo diini ah. Tusaale A classic saaraysa - England, halkaas oo nidaamka laba xisbiga ayaa xididdadiisa dagaalkii sokeeye, ayaa muujiyay in mucaaradka in ay dhinacyada ka dibna caadiga for "City" iyo "Lancaster". Iyadoo la tixgelinayo in iska hor imaad ah diinta dhaqanka, saaraysa, waa tusaale caadiga ah ee Germany - Catholics doorashada la dhacsan deeqsi CDU-CSU iyo Protestant tagay xisbiga Sooshal dimuqraadiga. Sida gaar ah (non-midig iyo bidix) waa ka duwan yahay "cagaaran", taas oo hore u matalaan cusub, "post-hantigoosi ah" cod-.

Wax kasta oo ay ahayd, xilligan waxaa ka jira saddex nooc oo asaasi ah nidaamka doorashada: majoritarian, saami oo isku dhafan.

nidaamka doorashada Majoritarian - waa doorashada ka mid ah ku-xigeenka doorashada ku jira liiska ay soo gudbiyeen xisbiyada iyo wax-u ah is-dalacsiiyay. ku guuleystay doorashada Musharaxa hela inta badan qaraabo ama waadaxa ah ee codadka. Xaaladaha qaarkood tiriyo ee loo yaqaan inta badan aqoon sida loo doortay musharaxa hela in ka badan 2/3 ee codadka.

nidaamka doorashada saami - waa doorashada ku xigeenadiisa ku salaysan liiska xisbiga gudbiyey. Xaaladdan oo kale, cod qaadan karin meel ka mid ah oo kaliya ee xisbiga ( "xiran" liisaska ee ay Musharaxa iyo non-dadweynaha cod-bixiyayaasha), ama labadaba xisbiyada iyo liisaska waqti isku mid ah ( "furan"). In xisbiga dejinta dayrta, ka heli boqolkiiba qaar ka mid ah codadka doorashada ee. Sida caadiga ah waa 3-5%, oo reer binu Israa'iil, 1%, in dalalka qaar ka mid ah, 7%, iyo inta badan. Qaab dhismeedka Personal of xigeenadiisa la aasaasay oo ku saleysan codbixinta ahaaneed liiska. Hadaba, waxa soo baxday in nidaamka doorashooyinka - farsamo ah ee diinta ka mid ah indheer, ma jidaynayey si ay u heleen awood ama qaar ka mid ah awoodaha ay leedahay.

Nidaamka A isku dhafan oo ku lug leh isku dhafan ee qorsheyaasha cod bixineed oo saami oo intooda badan. Tusaale ahaan, 50% kuraasta la doortay sida laga soo xigtay liiska xisbiga iyo badhkii kale - in intooda badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhab ahaantii, iyo in kiiska kale, waxaa mudnaanta la siiyo si ay u sharaxan xisbiga. Waxaa la rumeysan yahay in nidaamka doorashooyinka - waa matalaad siyaasadeed. Oo waxay ku siin karaan oo keliya musharax ka xisbi siyaasadeed ama ururada dadweynaha.

nidaamka doorashada Ruush qabanayaa doorashooyinka baarlamaanka ee ku salaysan saami. Duma Gobolka galaan ururada siyaasadda, kuwaas oo helay in ka badan 7% codadkii. liiska xisbiga xiran yihiin. Waxaa la malaysan in wareegga doorashada soo socota, la qorsheeyay 2016, marinka doorashada loo dhigi doonaa in 5%. Waxaa macquul ah in ay waqti this waxaa jiri doona qaar ka mid ah wax ka beddelid kale ee nidaamka codbixinta.