Monomer DNA. Maxaa monomers sameeyaan Britain DNA ah?

acids Nucleic, in DNA gaar ah, waxaa si fiican u yaqaan in farshaxanka. Tan waxaa loo sharxay by xaqiiqada ah in ay yihiin walxaha unugyada in saameyn kaydinta iyo gudbinta ee ay macluumaad hidde. DNA weli furan ee 1868, F. Miescher waa Britain ayaa la guryaha acidic xoog leh. Qubarada ayaa iyada aqoonsaday ka nuclei ee unugyada dhiigga cad - unugyada habka difaaca. In ka badan 50-ka sano ee soo socda, daraasadda of acids nucleic ayaa la sameeyey marmar, sida ugu saynisyahano rumeysan Kimisteriga walxaha weyn ee organic mas'uul ka oo ay ku jiraan for dhaxlay sifooyin, borotiinada.

Tan iyo kelmadaha ah ee qaab-dhismeedka DNA, by Watson oo Crick fuliyay sanadkii 1953, waxay bilaabaan barashada halis ah, waxaa la soo ogaaday in, deoxyribonucleic acid - waa polymer iyo DNA ah monomers waa nucleotides. noocyada iyo qaababka ay la bartay noo by in shaqo this.

Nucleotides sida qaybta dhismaha ee macluumaad hidde

Mid ka mid ah guryaha asaasiga ah ee arrinta ku nool - waa ilaalinta iyo gudbinta macluumaad ku saabsan qaab dhismeedka iyo hawlaha unugyada iyo u shaqeeyo oo dhan. xilkaan loo sameeyaa acid deoxyribonucleic iyo DNA monomers - nucleotides wakiil nooc ka mid ah "blocks dhismaha" kaas oo naqshadda gaar ah oo maalkiisa ka dhisay hiddo. Ka fikir waxa calaamadaha hanuuniyey duur-joogta, abuurista supercoil nucleic acid.

Sidee si ay u sameeyaan nucleotides

Si aad ka jawaabto su'aashan, waxaan u baahan nahay aqoonta qaar ka mid ah chemistry xeryahooda organic. Gaar ahaan, waxaan xusuustaa in dabeecadda waxaa jira koox ka mid ah glycosides nitrogen-ka kooban heterocyclic xiran monosaccharides - pentoses (ribose ama deoxyribose). Waxay yihiin yeedhay nucleosides. Tusaale ahaan, adenosine iyo nucleosides kale ay joogaan in cytosol ee gacanta. Waxay fal la taagoo of esterification la orthophosphoric acid. Wax soo saarka ee habkan iyo nucleotides doono. monomer DNA kasta, oo waxaa jira afar nooc oo, uu leeyahay magac, tusaale ahaan, gu'anayn, thaymiin iyo nucleotide saytosayn.

monomers DNA Purine

In Kiimikada noole qaatay soocidda a kala monomers DNA iyo qaab-dhismeedka laba kooxood: tusaale ahaan, purine waa adenayn iyo gu'anayn nucleotides. Waxaa ku jira in taagayo purine Halabuurka ay - walax organic isagoo formula C ₅ H ₄ N _4. DNA Monomer - nucleotide gu'anayn, sidoo kale waxaa ku jira purine saldhig nitrogenous xiran debaajiga N-glycosidic deoxyribose isagoo betokonfiguratsii.

nucleotides pyrimidine

saldhigyadii Nitrogenous, loo yaqaan cytidine iyo thymidine waa taagayo pyrimidine ee arrinta organic. Its formula waa C ₄ H ₄ N _2. Britain waa guri heterocycle lix membered ka kooban laba atamka Nitrogendoksid. Waxaa la og yahay in halkii nucleotides thaymiin ee u taagoo of ribonucleic acid, sida rRNA, tRNA, mRNA, ku jira monomer uracil. In geeddi-socodka of qoraal, inta lagu guda jiro macluumaad debiting ka Britain DNA ee mRNA hiddo nucleotide thaymiin la bedelay adenayn, nucleotide adenayn iyo - in uracil in mRNA silsilad curdinka. Taasi waa caddaalad ah waxaa laga soo galo soo socda: A - Y, T - A.

xeerarka Chargaff ee

In qaybta hore aynu hore u qayb ahaan taabtay dul mabaadi'da waafaqsan monomers ee silsilado DNA iyo mRNA hiddo-adag. biochemist caan E. Chargaff aasaasay arrin guri gaar ah oo ka mid ah u taagoo of acid deoxyribonucleic, kuwaas, in xaddiga nucleotides adenayn waxa ku jira had iyo jeer waa loo siman yahay si thaymiin, iyo gu'anayn - saytosayn. The saldhig weyn ee afka baarkiisa ah ee mabaadi'da Chargaff adeegay sidii daraasadda of Watson oo Crick, loo garto monomers sameeyaan Britain DNA ah, iyo waxa ay leeyihiin urur da'ayeen. hannaankii kale outputted by Chargaff oo wuxuu u yeedhay mabda'a complementarity, waxay muujinaysaa buuna ku kiimikada ee purine iyo pyrimidine saldhigyadii iyo awoodda ay u leeyihiin in ay xidhiidhka ka dhexeeya iyaga si ay u sameeyaan bonds hydrogen. Taas macnaheedu waa in heshiis ee monomers ee labada qaybood DNA si adag deterministic Sayidka, ka soo horjeeda strand A koowaad ee DNA noqon karaa oo kaliya T oo kale adigoo laba bonds hydrogen u dhaxeeya. Kaliya saytosayn la taagan karo nucleotide gu'anayn soo horjeeda. Xaaladdan oo kale, u dhaxeeya saldhigyada nitrogenous dhiso saddex bonds hydrogen.

Doorka nucleotides ee code hidaha

Si loo fuliyo, falcelinta ka dhacaya ee ribosomes of biosynthesis protein ah, waxaa jira macluumaad ku saabsan hab turjumaad of Halabuurka amino acid of xigxiga peptide of nucleotides ee isku xigxiga mRNA ee acids amino ah ee. Waxaa soo baxay in saddex monomer ku xiga qaado macluumaadka ku saabsan mid ka mid ah 20 acids amino ay suurtagal tahay. Tani waxay ifafaale waxaa loo yaqaan xeerka hidaha. In ka qabashada caqabadaha biology kelli waxaa loo isticmaalaa si loo ogaado labada Halabuurka peptide amino acid ah iyo inaan idiin cadeeyo su'aasha ah: taas oo ay u sameeyaan a monomers Britain DNA, si kale loo dhigo, waxa ka kooban of hiddo u dhiganta. Tusaale ahaan, triplet (codon) AAA ee hiddo u baaq phenylalanine amino acid ee Britain protein ah, iyo in xeerka hidde waxaa haboon triplet UUU Silsilad mRNA.

Dhexgalka ee nucleotides inta lagu guda jiro taranka DNA

Sidii hore loo elucidated, unugyada dhismaha ee monomers DNA - waxaa nucleotides. Ay isku xigxiga gaar ah wareeggeedii waa template ah hoosaad habka Avv Britain deoxyribonucleic acid ah. Tani waxay ifafaale dhacdaa-S stage of unugyada interphase. xigxiga The nucleotide ee u taagoo DNA novel silsilado socda hooyada by DNA polymerase enzyme la mabda'a ah complementarity (A - C, A - C). Taranka waxaa loola jeedaa reactions of Avv furta. Taas macnaheedu waa in monomers DNA iyo qaab-dhismeedka Silsilad waalidka waa aasaas u, in ay tahay template ah nuqulo ka mid ah ay hoosaad.

Waxay beddeli kara qaabka nucleotide ah

By habka, ha noo sheegeen in acid ee deoxyribonucleic - waa qaab aad u muxaafidka ah ee bu'da unugga. Waxaa sharaxaad macquul ah, macluumaadka hidde kaydiyaa chromatin ah xuduntii, waa in la sii ballaadhiyo oo aan dhalanrog. Laakiin hiddawadayaasha ee gacanta si joogto ah waa "hoos qoriga" deegaanka. Tusaale ahaan, kiimikada dagaal badan sida khamriga, daroogada, shucaaca radioactive. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah waa wax-u mutagens, sarkhaansan yihiin taas oo monomer DNA wax ka beddeli kara qaabka kiimikada ay. Tani dhalanrog ee Kiimikada noole waxaa lagu magacaabaa isbedel ayaa hal dhibic. Inta jeer ee dhacdo of hiddawadayaasha a cell ku filan sare. Isbedelo ayaa la saxo si fiican u shaqeynaya hawlgalka nidaamka dayactirka cell, oo ay ku jiraan tiro ensaymes.

Qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah, sida enzyme xadaysan, "gooyay" ka nucleotides dhaawacan, polymerases ogolaan ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee monomers caadi ligase "crosslinked" kabsaday qaybo ka mid ah hiddo. Haddii hab kor ku xusan, sabab qaar ka mid ah, gacanta uma shaqeeyo iyo monomer DNA haleysan yahay weli in ay Britain, isbedel ayaa waxaa soo gaaray by hababka of Avv furta oo phenotypically muujiyey qaab borotiinka leh guryaha doorsoon, awoodin in ay ku fuliyo hawlahan loo baahan yahay soo jireenka ah ee Dheef gacanta. Tani waa arrin khatar ah negative, yaraynta meelmar ah cell iyo in la yareeyo waqtiga dalka ay nolosheeda.