Okudzhava Shalva Stepanovich: Biography, qoyska

Name of gabayaa caan ah Soviet iyo Ruush iyo Bard Bulat Okudzhava la yaqaan, haddii aan dhammaan, ka dibna inta badan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, aan wax badan lagu yaqaan sheekada naxdinta lahaa nolosha waalidkiis. Dhanka kale Okudjava Shalva Stepanovich hal mar ahaa mid ka mid ah qabanqaabiyeyaasha ah Joorijiyaan Young shuuciga League, oo ciyaaray door muhiim ah horumarinta warshadaha ee awoodda Urals ah.

isirka

Awoowe Shalva Okudzhava yeedhay kooxda Paul Peremushev hooyadiis. Waxa uu u dhaqaaqay Georgia in bartamihii qarnigii 19aad. Waxaa la og yahay in ay markii ugu Peremushev AP ay horey u adeegi jiray 25 sano oo dagaalyahaniin iyo ka dib adeegga helay dhul yar ee Kutaisi. Waxaa jira fikrado kala duwan oo ku saabsan waxa ay asal ahaan. Sida laga soo xigtay ugu badan, waxa uu ahaa mid Ruush ama Mordvinian. cilmi qaarkood waa dhiiran tahay in isaga nin Yuhuudi ah oo ka fiirsan ka cantonments ah. In Kutaisi P. Peremushev wuxuu bilaabay inuu ka shaqeeyo sidii dawaarle ah oo ugu dhaqsaha badan is Georgia ee Saloome Medzmariashvili. Oo isna wuxuu lahaa saddex gabdhood, ee ugu weynaa kii - Elizabeth - noqday naagtii karaaniga a Stepan Okudzhava. In guurka waxaa u dhashay sideed caruur ah.

Carruurnimada iyo qaangaarka

Okudzhava Shalva Stepanovich ku dhashay August 1901. Marka uu ahaa 10 sano jir ah, wuxuu aqbalay inaad wax ka barato Sidukiinta Gymnasium ee Kutaisi. At da'da 16 sano Shalva biiray kacaan ah, ka dib markii tusaale ahaan ka mid ah walaalaha ka weyn Nicholas iyo Michael, oo ahaa mid firfircoon ee falalka lidka ku ah dowladda wakhtigii kacaanka February ah.

shaqo xisbiga

In 1918 Shalva Okudjava biiray RCP ah (B) oo ka wakiil ah xisbiga hawlan urur Komsomol ee Georgia. Laga soo bilaabo wakhtigaas in 1921, markii awoodda Soviet la aasaasay ee dalka, waxa uu ahaa in dhuunto iyo baasana sayniska ee halganka siyaasadeed. Ka dib markii Shalva Okudzhava loo magacaabay Guddoomiyaha guddida gobolka Kutaisi ee Komsomol, iyo in 1921 uu u dallacsiiyey in uu noqdo madaxa waaxda ururka ee golaha dhexe ee Komsomol ee Georgia.

In Moscow

In 1921 Okudzhava Shalva Stepanovich loo doortay ergay u Congress of Comintern iyo booqashadii ugu horeysay ee Moscow. Inta lagu jiro mid ka mid ah fadhiyada ururinta waxaa laga sameeyey by Vladimir Lenin warbixin la xidhiidha siyaasadda dhaqaalaha cusub. Oo wuxuu kaloo sameeyey aragti qoto dheer on communist dhallinyarada, taasoo keentay in u jecel yihiin inay ka qayb qaataan hawlaha la xiriira horumarinta dhaqaalaha ee gobolka dhallinyarada ahaa Soviet. Si taas loo gaaro, Shalva Okudzhava hadhay ee caasimada oo galay Kulliyadda Dhaqaalaha ee ugu horeysay ee Jaamacadda State. Iyadoo waxbarashada ee magaalada, oo uu kula kulmay Ashkhen Stepanovna Nalbandian, kuwaas oo iman eego Abwaan caan Vahan Teryan. Dadka dhallinyarada ah ee jacaylka dhacay iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan guursaday. In May 1924, waxay lahaayeen wiil - Bulat Shalvovich Okudzhava.

In Tbilisi

Muddo yar ka dib dhalashada wiilkeeda Shalva Okudzhava waxaa si deg deg ah looga yeeray Tbilisi urur xisbiga Joorijiyaan u baahan yahay shaqaale aqoon. Horeba December 1924, waxaa loo magacaabay madaxa waaxda buuqa iyo dacaayad Guddiga xisbiga Tiflis City, sida uu Guddoomiyaha ka ahaa dugsiga Joorijiyaan military amarka ka dib markii 2 sano. Markaas, 1929, Shalva Stepanovich soo diray inaad wax ka barato magaalada, halkaas oo uu ka Institute of Marxism-Leninism qalin. Marka soo laabtay dalkiisa at da'da 30 sano, communist dhallinyarada ahaa ayaa loo magacaabay xoghayaha Gudiga xisbiga City, oo loo doortay xubin ka mid ah golaha dhexe ee Georgia.

Xiriirka Beria

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in dusha nolosha Shalva Okudjava ka badan si fiican u ahaa, dhab ahaantii, madaxiisa ka daruuraha ayaa ururinta. Haddii bilowga ah ee mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed, uu hoos-taga Ordzhonikidze Sergo ahaa, ka dibna ka dib markii Georgia noqday commissar Beria, xaaladda u xuub bedelay. Honest iyo mabda'a Okudjava si joogta ah ka hadlay kana soo maratay ka dhanka siyaasadda shaqaalaha ay. Waxa sidoo kale jira warar sheegaya in Lavrenty Pavlovich ma ahaa jalaq u siin Ashkhen, oo waxaa loo tixgeliyaa mid ka mid ah haweenka ugu quruxda badan ee magaalada Joorijiyaan of time in. Dhamaadka Okudzhava waan fahmay in ay fiican tahay in uu ka tago Tiflis, oo la tegey qoyskiisa Moscow. Waxaa uu bixiyey jago ee Nizhny Tagil, oo uu si farxad leh aqbalay.

Urals ah

bilaabaha ee ballanta Okudzhavy post ee Xoghayaha Xisbiga Guddiga Uralvagonstroya ee Nizhny Tagil noqday Sergo Ordzhonikidze, wax ku oolka ah ee uu xirfadda iyo ganacsiga toosiyaan. Bishii Febraayo 1934, Ordzhonikidze noqday ergeyga ah in xisbiga Congress 17aad, oo sannad ka dib wuxuu lahaa post cusub - Xoghayaha 1-aad ee guddiga magaalada Nizhny Tagil of CPSU ah (b). Thanks to shuqulkiisa hagaajiyeen xaaladda in si joogta ah xusay Ordzhonikidze shaqeeya, inta badan waxay u yimaadeen inay baaraan dhismaha Uralvagonzavod.

xiraan

February 18, 1937 shaqaalaha Tagil NKVD ay weerareen guri, halkaas oo uu ku noolaa Okudjava Shalva Stepanovich. By kadis ah la yaab leh, on maanta ee Moscow, ayaa la toogtay oo uu saaxiib iyo gargaaraha Sergo Ordzhonikidze.

Okudzhava ayaa muddo dheer la fahamsan yahay wax go'an oo uu qabtay. Oo waagaas, wax soo diri kartaa in xeryaha sabab kasta oo aan, iyo Okudzhava ahaa cedhibta dhaawac '- walaalo counterrevolutionaries in ka dib markii dhawaaqidda awoodda Soviet ee Georgia, ku biiray mucaaradka garabka bidix. Inkasta oo ay hal mar ka tegey link, in 1936 ay mar kale la xiray oo lagu eedeeyay Trotskyism.

Qabtay warshad Agaasimaha Uralvagonstroy L. Maryasin siiyey "caddayn", sida uu sheegay wixii uu Okudjava isku dayay in la dilo Sergo Ordzhonikidze xiligii uu booqashada ku Nizhny Tagil. Tani dulmay ee 1937 uu ahaa dhab ah oo ku filan, su'aasha badbaadada noqon karaa waqti dheer, gaar ahaan sababtoo ah waxa uu ahaa qoys in ka mid ah cadaawayaasha shakhsi ahaaneed ee Lavrenty Beria waxaa ku qoran.

Shalva Okudzhava soo muuqday liiska dadka ugu hoos jiray "cadaadiska ee category ugu horeysay." At erey xisbiga waqtiga ku ereyeyntani loogu tala galay in maxbuus la toogtay lahaa. dokumentiga on this waxaa ku taariikhaysan April 1, 1937, oo isaga hoos jiray saxiixa Stalin ee, Molotov iyo Kaganovich. Xukunka waxaa la dilay 4 August 1937.

Masiirka ee qaraabada

Ka dib markii la xiray oo ahaa madaxa qoyska oo uu naagtiisa, kuwaas oo wakhtigaas shaqeeyay xoghayaha ah Guddiga xisbiga Degmada ee Nizhny Tagil, wiilasha (Bulat Shalvovich Okudzhava iyo Victor, ku dhashay 1934), iyo sidoo kale hooyadii waayeelka u dhaqaaqay Moscow oo ku noolaa guri la wadaago on Arbat ah. Oo iyana waxay halkaas ka bartay in shot sidoo kale waa adeer u ahaa mustaqbalka Bard caanka ah. ma musiiba ah Family aanu halkaas ku dhammaan, iyo 1938 Okudzhava hooyadiis waxaa la xiray bishii Moscow, oo waxaa loo soo diray in ay Karlag. Waxay caasimada ku soo laabtay oo kaliya 1947.

Trotskyism lagu eedeeyay iyo walaashay Shalva - Olga Okudzhava. Naagtii waxay dhallinyarada ahaa naagtii Abwaan caan Joorijiyaan Galaktion Tabidze. Waqtiga iyada qabtay, oo iyana waxay ahayd si dhab ah u jirran, laakiin taasi kama aysan celinin NKVD si iyada diri maxaabiis ahaan. Olga ku wareegtay mid ka mid ah xabsi ilaa ay ahayd in Orel. September 11, 1941 qof dumar ah, iyo sidoo kale in ka badan 150 oo maxaabiis ah, NKVD ku toogtay kaynta Medvedev ayaa, kaas oo dhowr kiilomitir waqooyi ka xigta magaalada.

dhimashada Iosifa ka dib markii xaaskiisa Stalina Shalva Okudzhava noqday oo dhan ka dhigan tahay in la gaaro dayactirka ninkeeda. Tani ayay u suurtagashay oo keliya qiimaha dadaal wayn ee 1956. Xaaladdan oo kale, ayaa su'aal ka keenay xubnihii hore ee gudiga magaalada of Tagil Nizhny iyo dadka deegaanka Magaalada, ayaa xaqiijiyay daahirsanaanta ninkeeda.

Haddaba aad u ogaato cid uu yahay iyo sida uu u dhintay Okudjava Shalva Stepanovich. Haweenaydii communist a qanacsanahay - Ashkhen Nalbandian - sidoo kale noqday dhibane cadaadis Stalin ee, iyo wiilkooda, Bulat inta kale ee uu nolosha la kulma xanuunka dareen, dib qaddar naxdinta waalidkood.