Mikhail Speransky: Biography ee uu noloshiisa, hawlaha, sawiro

rasmiga ah A si fiican u yaqaan oo reformer Mikhail Speransky (sannadaha cimrigaaguna: 1772-1839) waxaa loo yaqaan qoraaga barnaamijyo dhowr ah oo ku saabsan la beddelo xeerarka Ruush ee bilowgii qarnigii XIX ah. Waxa uu ka badbaaday ee ugu sarreysa oo hoos u ah mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed, ma dhammaan fikradaha uu fuliyo, laakiin magiciisa in uu macnihiisu yahay jihada deeqsi ah, taas oo dhici karta in gobolka oo aannu u talinno Alexander I iyo Nicholas I. waa

carruurnimada

statesman The mustaqbalka Mikhail Speransky ku dhashay January 1, 1772 Gobolka Vladimir. Wuxuuna ka mid ahaa kuwa is-hoosaysiiya asal - aabbihiis soo shaqeeyay ee kaniisadda, oo hooyadiis ayaa ahayd gabadhii u adeegeen. Waa waalidiinta ugu saamayn dabeecadda iyo danta ilmaha. Waxa uu si deg deg ah ka bartay akhriska iyo akhriyo badan. saameyn weyn ku Migaretionka ku lahaa awoowe a in badan aadaa kaniisadda oo soo bandhigay iyada awow la buugaag muhiimka ah sida "Book of Hours" iyo "Rasuul The."

Xitaa ka dib markii uu sare u qaadis Mikhail Speransky ma illoobi ah oo ku saabsan asal ahaan ay. Sida Secretary of State, ayuu nadiifiyaa uu qolka iyo guud ahaan khilaafeen Furuujtooda nolosha iyo dabeecadaha maalmeed.

Michael bilaabay inuu tababar nidaamsan ee 1780 in derbiyadii Vladimir seminary ee diiniga. Waxaa jiro sababtoo ah awoodiisa fiican ee wiilka markii ugu horeysay diiwaan hoos magaca Speransky in ay ahayd nuqul carbon of magac Laatiin ah, waxay ka dhigan tahay 'weeraryahanka quudiyaan'. Ilmaha aabbihii ahaa Vasiliev. Mikhail Speransky isla markiiba istaagay baxay dadkii badnaa ka mid ah xertiisa u ahaayeen, waxay doonayaan in ay bartaan, jacaylka reading, iyo sidoo kale qof suubban, laakiin xoog leh. seminary The ogol yahay isaga si ay u bartaan Latin iyo luqadaha Greek.

U soo guurista St. Petersburg

Michael joogi karo in Vladimir iyo bilowdo mustaqbalkiisa kaniisad. xitaa wuxuu noqday cellmate ee Abbot deegaanka. Laakiin mar hore 1788 sida mid ka mid ah ardayda ugu maskax wanaagsan oo tayo leh ugu Speransky helay fursad ay si St. Petersburg tago oo waxbarashadiisa ka sii watay ee seminary Alexander Nevsky. Hay'adaan waxaa gacanta si toos ah Synod ahaa. Halkee barnaamijyo cusub oo lagu horumariyo oo wax ku baray by macalimiinta ugu fiican.

Meesha cusub Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich bartay ma aha oo kaliya fiqiga laakiin maadooyinka cilmaani ah, oo ay ku jiraan xisaabta sare, physics, falsafada iyo Faransiis, kuwaas oo mar ahaa caalami ah. The anshaxa adag seminary boqor ku ahaa, kaas oo ardayda horumarinta xirfadaha saacado badan ee shaqada maskaxda aad u daran. Ka dib markii Speranski barteen in ay ka akhriyin Faransiis, uu kaabayaasha dhaqaale shuqullada culimada dalka this. Helitaanka buugaagta ugu wanaagsan oo ugu dambeeyay ka dhigay seminarian dhalinyaro ah mid ka mid ah dadka ugu aqoonta dalka.

In 1792 Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich ka waxbarashadooda ka qalin. Wuxuu ku hadhay seminary ah, halkaas oo uu ka ahaa dhawr sano macallinka xisaabta, falsafada iyo codkarka. In uu waqtiga firaaqada ah uu jecel yahay khayaali, oo ku qoray gabayo. Qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah waxaa la daabacay ee joornaalada St. Petersburg. macalinka seminary siiyey dhammaan hawlaha ku dhex jira nin badan leh aragti ballaadhan.

Bilowgii adeegga dadweynaha

In -1795, Speransky yar oo uu ka talo-Metropolitan Jibriil u soo kiraysteen Aleksandrom Kurakinym. Waxay ahayd a saraakiisha iyo nawaaxigeeda iyo diblomaasiyiinta caan ah. Iyada oo goysiga carshiga reer binu Paul waxaan, waxaa loo magacaabay Xeer-ilaaliyaha Guud. Kurakin loo baahan yahay xoghayaha ah oo laga maarmi waayay in culayska culus. In nin noocaas ah wuxuu ahaa Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Marka la soo koobo, waxa uu doortay xirfadda mustaqbalkiisa cilmaani ah gudahood Kaniisadda. In seminary ah ma aysan dooneynin inay iska fasaxaan macalinka tayo leh. Metropolitan isaga lagu casuumay inuu qaato nidarradeedii monastic, ka dib markii taas Speransky tirin karin horyaalka ee hoggaamiyaha kiniisaddu. Laakiinse wuu diiday, oo 1797 helay darajo taliye -Gudoomiyaha in xafiiska guud ee xeer.

Si dhakhso ah sarkaal uguma sallaan mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed ka. mid ka mid ah Just, oo wuxuu noqday xildhibaan ee gobolka laba sano. Biography Speranskogo Mihaila Mihaylovicha - waa sheekada u kaca deg deg ah ee adeegga ay sabab u tahay waxqabadka gaarka ah iyo talanti. sifooyinkaasi isaga la oggol yahay in aan Boora ah ka hor maamulka, taas oo keentay in uu awood bedelno mustaqbalka. Indeed, Speransky horrayn shaqeeyay faa'iido u ah gobolka, ka dibna ka fekeraa kaliya danaha iyaga u gaar ah.

Rise of reformer ah

In 1801, Ruushka Emperor Alexander I. cusub wuxuu noqday aadu uuga duwan aabbihiis kalidii Paul, kuwaas oo lagu yaqaanay in ay ku dhaqan military iyo views muxaafidka ah. Boqortooyada cusub wuxuu ahaa deeqsi ah oo doonayay in ay dalkooda ka sameeyaan oo dhan dib u habaynta in ay ahaayeen lagama maarmaan u ah horumarinta caadiga ah ee gobolka. Guud ahaan, waa inay kor xorriyaadka dadweynaha.

The views mid ah way kala duwan yihiin iyo Mikhail Speransky. Biography ee tiradaasi waa mid aad u cajiib ah, oo uu kula kulmay Alexander I, markii uu weli waxaa taaj amiir, laakiin rasmi ah oo ku lug leh dib u dejinta ee St. Petersburg, gole gobol. Dadka da'da yar isla markiiba helay luqadda caadi ah, iyo boqorkii mustaqbalka ma iloobin in ay qaabeeyaan hooyo dhalaalaysa gobolkii Vladimir. Iyada oo goysiga carshiga, Alexander I magacaabay Xoghayaha Speransky of State Dmitry Troshchinsky. ninkanu wuxuu ahaa Senator ah iyo mid ka mid ah wakiillo cusub gooyo ee.

Si dhakhso ah hawlaha Mihaila Speranskogo ay soo jiidatay ka mid ah xubnaha guddiga qarsoon. Waxa uu ahaa ugu dhow Alexander dowlada mideysan hal goobaabin waayo, go'aan-qaadasho ah oo ku saabsan dib u habaynta deg-deg ah. Speransky noqday ku xigeen u ahaa caanka Victor Kochubey.

Guddiga ayaa si qarsoodi ah

Horeba 1802, ay sabab u tahay guddiga qarsoon, Alexander I aasaasay wasaaradda a. Waxay bedelay xilligii dhacsan iyo kulliyadaha xumaada Markos. Kochubei noqday Wasiirka koowaad ee arrimaha gudaha, iyo Speransky - uu Secretary of State. Wuxuu ahaa shaqaalaha kaamil ah HK, iyadoo waraaqaha ee daraasiin saacadood maalintii shaqeeyaan. Soon Mikhail bilaabay in ay qoraan qoraal iyaga u gaar ah labada dhinac ugu sareeya, markaa baahinaya views ay ku qabyada ah ee dib u habaynta qaar.

Ma aha xun in ay mar kale xusid mudan in aragtida Speransky sameeyey by reading ah faylosuufiinta Faransiis ee qarnigii XVIII ah: .. Voltaire, iwm Xoghayaha Gobolka fikrado Liberal noqnoqonayey maamulka. Si dhakhso ah, waxaa loo magacaabay madaxa waaxda mas'uul ka ah horumarinta mashaariicda dib u habaynta.

Waxa uu ahaa hoos imaanaya hoggaanka Mikhail Mikhailovich diyaariyey qodobada aasaasiga ah ee caanka ah "Qadarka of cultivators free." Waxa ay ahayd talaabadii ugu horaysay ku dhiiran oo ka mid ah madaxda dalka Ruushka ee jidka la baabiiyo of serfdom. Sida laga soo xigtay amarkii, kuwii gobta ahaa hadda ha laga yaabaa qastaan dalka. In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in qorshahan ayaa jawaab aad u yar ka soo fasalka mudan, Alexander wuu ka raalli noqday shaqada sameeyey. Wuxuu baray in ay bilaabaan qorshe dib u habaynta xagjirka ah ee dalka. Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich waxaa madax looga dhigay geedi socodka this. Biography kooban oo statesman waa mid cajiib ah, oo isna wuxuu, xiriirka aan lahayn, laakiin iyada oo loo marayo awoodaha iyaga u gaar ah oo ay adag tahay shaqada ka heli karto si ay sare ee siyaasadda Olympus Ruushka.

In muddo ah ka 1803 si ay u 1806. Speransky ahaa qoraaga of tiro badan oo ah qoraal u gudbiyey in la gooyo. In warqadaha Secretary of State falanqeeyay markaas gobolka ka mid ah garsoorka iyo fulinta. soo jeedinta ugu weyn ee Mikhail Mikhailovich ahaa in la beddelo nidaamka siyaasadeed. Sida laga soo xigtay qoraalo uu, Russia waa in ay noqdaan boqortooyo distuuri ah, halkaas oo boqor la diiday, awood buuxda. Mashaariicdani waxa ay ahaayeen kuwa aan ogaaday, laakiin Alexander ansixin theses badan Speransky. Sababo la xiriira shaqadooda weyn rasmi this sidoo kale gebi ahaanba afka ee xidhiidhka xafiiska in xafiisyada dawladda bedelay. Kor buu u siiyey archaisms badan ee qarnigii XIX ah, fikirradiisiina wuu on warqad, ka maran aan loo baahnayn, waxay ahaayeen tegayo iyo cad ee suurtogalka ah.

kaaliyaha Emperor

In 1806 Alexander I dhigay madax ku xigeenka seminarian hore, "xulashada" waxa ku jira Kochubey. Emperor loo baahan yahay wuxuu ahaa nin u eg Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Biography kooban oo addoonkii rayidka ah ma aan samayn karo iyada oo aan sharaxaad ku saabsan xidhiidhka ay la leedahay Boqortooyada. Alexander Speransky ugu horrayn qiimeeyo for ay go'doon ka wareegyada kala duwan laandheere, kuwaasoo mid walba uu u ololeeyay in danahooda gaarka ah. Wakhtigan, ugu badan a Michael ciyaaray gacanta u geliyey. Markaasuu bilaabay inuu ku amar ku helaan shakhsi oo boqorka ka yimid.

In xaaladda this Speranski ku hawlan waxbarashada seminaries ah - shakhsi ahaan ku dhow isaga in theme ah. Waxa uu ahaa qoraaga qaynuunkii nidaaminaya dhammaan hawlaha hay'adaha kuwan. Sharciyadaas waxa si ammaan ah socday ilaa 1917. ganacsi kale oo muhiim Speransky sida Hantidhawrka waxbarashada ee Ruush - qoritaanka note ah taas oo uu ku xusan mabaadi'da mustaqbalka Selo Tsarskoye ku Lyceum. Tani hay'ad ka ab dhowr tababartay midabka qaranka - ragga dhallinyarada ah oo ka mid ah qoysaska laandheere ugu qadariyo. qalin Its ahaa Alexander Pushkin.

adeegga diblomaasiyadeed

Isla mar ahaantaana, Alexander I ahaa siyaasadda arrimaha dibadda oo aad u mashquul. Going to Europe, ayuu wariyaasha ay qaaday Speransky isaga la. Sidaas waxa uu ahaa in 1807, markii Congress qabtay Erfurt Napoleon. Waxay ahayd markaa in Europe ugu horeysay ka bartay waa kan Michael Speransky. Biography kooban oo ka mid ah sarkaalka ayaa loo baahan yahay in la xuso inuu polyglot xirfadaha. Laakiin ilaa 1807, waxa ay marna dibadda ahaa.

Haddaba, si aqoonta luqadaha iyo waxbarashada mahad, Speransky yaabin lahaa dhammaan wufuud qalaad joogay in Erfurt. Napoleon qudhiisa u fiiro gaar ah u caawiye Alexander iyo xataa sida la filayo ku kaftamay weydiiyay gooyo Ruush in la beddelo Xoghayaha tayo of State "inuu boqortooyada kasta." Laakiin dibadda Speranski sidoo kale xusay iyo isticmaalka la taaban karo ee uu joogo wafdiga. Waxa uu ka qayb qaatay doodda iyo soo gunaanaday nabad baa u dhexaysay France iyo Russia. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, xaaladda siyaasadeed ee Europe wakhtigaas ahaa aan sugnayn, iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan Qorshahan ayaa la illoobay.

gebogabeeyey mustaqbalkiisa

Speranski ku qaatay waqti badan la shaqeeyo on dejinta shuruudaha gelitaanka adeegga madaniga ah. Aqoonta saraakiil badan ma u dhigma heerka ay. Sababta xaaladda oo intaasu waxay ahayd wax caadi ah ugu adeegaan si xiriir qoyska mahad qalabka. Sidaa darteed Speransky jeediyay hordhaca ah ee baaritaanka loogu talagalay dadka doonaya in ay noqdaan madaxda. Alexander kula heshiiyey fikrad this, iyo ugu dhakhsaha badan xeerarkan sharciga noqday.

Iyada oo goysiga ah ee Finland in Russia Speransky ayuu wuxuu soo qaatay mas'uul ka ah dib u habaynta ee gobolka cusub. Waxaa jiray dadkii ku abtirsan ah muxaafidka ah, sidaas awgeed waa in dalka this, Alexander ahaa awoodaan in ay ogaadaan fikradaha deeqsi ah ay boldest. In 1810, Golaha Gobolka waxaa la aasaasay. Sidoo kale waxaa jiray booska uu ka Secretary of State, kaas oo noqday Speranskiy Mihail Mihaylovich. Hawlaha reformer ma mid aan waxtar lahayn. Hadda waxa uu si rasmi ah u noqday ninkii labaad ee gobolka.

dulli

Badan oo dib u habaynta Speransky saameeyeen ficil dhammaan dhinacyada nolosha qaranka. isbedel Meel ahaayeen xagjirka ah, taas oo iska caabiyay qaybta inert ee bulshada. Mikhail ma jeclaan kuwii gobta ahaa, maxaa yeelay, ay sabab u tahay waxqabad ay tahay danahooda soo gaaray in meesha ugu horeysa. By 1812, maxkamada gooyo waxaa jiray koox ka mid ah wasiirada iyo ka timi, kuwaas oo bilaabay inuu mu'aamaraad ka dhanka ah Speransky. Waxay Beenta ku faafin been ah ku saabsan, sida inuu la sheegay in dhaleeceeyay gooyo. Iyada oo hab ee leexinaaya badan oo la dagaal galay bilaabay in la xasuusto in ay xidhiidh la leh Napoleon ee Erfurt.

Bishii Maarso 1812, Mikhail Speransky ayaa casaan ka posts oo dhan. Waxaa lagu amray in ay ka baxaan magaalada. Dhab ahaantii, waxa uu ahaa in la masaafuriyey, marka hore in Nizhny Novgorod, ka dibna gobolkii Novgorod. A dhowr sano ka dib, weli uu opals bixitaanka.

In 1816 waxaa loo magacaabay taliyaha Penza. Mikhail Speransky, ee gaaban, ogaa in yar oo ku saabsan gobolka this. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in uu xirfadaha urureed mahad, wuxuu ahaa awoodaan si ay u noqdaan damiin ah si ee gobolka. dadka deegaanka jeclaa hore Secretary of State.

Ka dib markii si rasmi ah Penza jiray Irkutsk, halkaas oo uu ka soo shaqeeyay taliyaha Siberian ka 1819kii ilaa 1821. Halkan, xaaladda ayaa xitaa dheeraad ah oo la dayacay badan ee Penza. Speranski sameeyo qorshe: horumariyo axdiga maaraynta ee laga tirada badan yahay heer qaran iyo dayactirka ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa dhaqaale.

Mar labaad ee St. Petersburg

In 1821, Mikhail Mikhailovich markii ugu horeysay muddo dhowr sanadood ah, wuxuu ahaa ee St. Petersburg. Wuxuu gaaray Kulankii uu la Alexander I. The Emperor cadeeyay in maalmaha jir, marka Speransky ahaa qofka labaad ee gobolka, ka danbeeya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa loo magacaabay madaxa guddiga ka ah qoritaanka xeerarka. Waxaa dhab ahaan jiray booska taas oo ay suurto gal ahayd in ay ugu wax ku ool ah u isticmaali waayo-aragnimo oo dhan, ay leedahay Mikhail Speransky. sawirka Historical ninkan isaga muujinaysaa sida reformer aad u fiican. Sidaas daraaddeed wuu inuu isbadal ku soo laabtay.

Tallaabada ugu horreysa la dhammeeyo ganacsi oo rasmi ah Siberian. dib u habaynta maamulka waxaa la fuliyay in qoraal uu. Siberia waxaa loo kala qaybiyey East iyo West. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, boqortooyada Alexander I waqti badan u huray in heshiis ee degsiimooyinka military. Hadda waxay sameeyaan iyo Speransky, kuwaas, oo ay la socdaan Alekseem Arakcheevym madax guddi u dhigma.

Marka Nicholas I

In 1825 wuxuu u dhintay, Alexander I. Waxaa jiray qaab ciyaareed xun ee Decembrists ah. Speransky ayaa lagu eedeeyay in qoritaanka Maanafesto ee bilowgii boqornimadii Nicholas I. Guddoomiyaha cusub mahad mudnaanta Speransky, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in uu lahaa aragti siyaasadeed. rasmi ah oo caan ku hadhay deeqsi ah. Markaasaa boqorkii wuxuu ahaa muxaafid ah, iyo caasinimo ah Decembrists xitaa dheeraad ah oo ku soco dhanka ah dib u habaynta ku.

In Nikolaev sano Speranskii shaqada ugu weyn ee ahayd Maalintii Diyaargarayskii go'an dhamaystiran oo sharciyada Empire Ruush ah. edition Multivolume isu keenay tiro badan oo ah amarrada, kuwii hore ka mid ah oo u muuqday in qarnigii XVII ah. Bishii Janaayo 1839 ay sabab u tahay mudnaanta ay Speransky heshay horyaalka ee tirinta codadka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, on February 11, uu ku dhintay da'da 67 sano.

Uu hawlaha xooggan oo wax soo saar leh u noqday engine ee dib u habaynta Ruush sannadaha hore ee boqortooyada Alexander I. At soo gebogabeeyey ee mustaqbalkiisa ciyaareed ku Speransky jiray dulli aynaan mutaysan, laakiin ka dib ku soo laabtay xilkiisa. Waxa uu si daacad ah ugu adeegi jireen Gobolka, in kasta oo Dhibaato kasta.