Lev Landau: Biography kooban, qayb sayniska

Lev Landau (sannadaha cimrigaaguna - 1908-1968) - jirka Soviet weyn, ku dhashay Baku. Waxa uu leeyahay tiro ka mid ah cilmi-baaris oo xiiso leh iyo helitaan. aad ka jawaabi karaan su'aasha ah, Laawiyiintii Landau taas oo uu ku guulaystay Nobel Prize? In this article ayaan ka hadli doonaa oo ku saabsan guulaha iyo xaqiiqooyinka aasaasiga ah taariikh nololeedkooda.

Asal Lev Landau

Waxaad la hadli kartaa waqti dheer oo ku saabsan sida culimada Lev Landau. Years of nolosha, shaqo iyo gaaro physics this - dhammaan akhristayaasha sida xaqiiqada ah xiiseynaya. Bal aan ka bilowno tan iyo bilowgii aad u - ka asalka ah ee cilmiga mustaqbalka.

Waxa uu ku dhashay ee qoyska of Love iyo David Landau. Aabbihiisna wuxuu ahaa injineer batroolka si cadaalad ah si fiican u yaqaan. Wuxuu ka shaqeeyey in beeraha saliidda. Sida hooyada, by xirfad, oo iyana waxay ahayd dhakhtar. Waxaa la og yahay in naagtan fuliyay waxbarashada nafsaaniga ah. Sida aad arki karto, Lev Landau qoys bartay yimid. walaashiis ka weyn, iyadoo jidka ag fadhida, waxa uu noqday injineer ah kiimikada.

sano oo waxbarasho

Lev Davidovich ahaa ee dugsiga sare, taas oo la xaliyay qalin at da'da 13 sano. Waalidkiis waxay go'aansatay in ay wiilkiisiina wuxuu ahaa weli aad u yar inaad wax ka barato machad ah waxbarasho sare. Sidaas daraaddeed way u goostay inaan isaga diro hal sano oo Baku Dugsiga Farsamada ee dhaqaalaha. Markaas, ee 1922, uu qirtay in Jaamacadda Baku. Halkan Lev Landau bartay chemistry iyo physics. Laba sano ka dib, Lev Davidovich lagu wareejiyay Jaamacadda Leningrad, at the Department of Physics.

The shaqada sayniska marka hore, daraasad postgraduate

At da'da sagaal iyo toban Landau waxa uu noqday qoraaga of afar waraaqaha cilmiga ah in la soo daabacay. In mid ka mid ah kuwa waraaqaha wax-u cufnaanta furta waxaa loo isticmaalay markii ugu horeysay. Ereygan waxa maalmahan si weyn loo isticmaalo. Waxay waxaa lagu qeexay by dalalka tamarta galmada. Landau ka qalin jabiyay Jaamacadda ee 1927. Ka dibna wuxuu ku qornaa dugsiga ka qalin Machadka Physico-Technical Leningrad ee. In dugsiga, oo uu ka shaqeeyay on electrodynamics galmada iyo aragtida ah ee electron ku magnetic.

safar ganacsi

In muddo ah ka soo 1929kii si 1931 waxay ahayd hawlgal cilmi Lev Landau. Years of nolosha, shaqo iyo horumarka ee cilmiga lala kaashanayo dhow la leh dhigooda shisheeye. Sidaas darteed, inta lagu guda jiro safarka, ayuu u safray Switzerland, Germany, Netherlands, England iyo Denmark. Inta lagu guda jiro sano kuwaas oo uu kula kulmay oo noqday ogyahay aasaaseyaasha ee makaanikada galmada, kuwaas oo kaliya u muuqday. Ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta, taas oo la kulmay Landau, wuxuu ahaa Wolfgang Pauli, Werner Heisenberg iyo Niels Bohr. Tag socon Lev Davidovich dhawray dareenka saaxiibtinimo inta ka dhiman ee uu noloshiisa. saynisyahan Tani waxaa si gaar ah si xoog leh u saameeyay Landau.

Lev Davidovich, halka dibadda qaadeen cilmi muhiim electrons free (guryaha ay magnetic). Intaa waxaa dheer, wada jir ah ula Peierls uu cilmi baaris iyo makaanikada galmada relativistic. Sababo la xiriira shaqada this Lev Landau, shaqo ah in asxaabteena shisheeye xiiso, waxaa loo arkaa mid ka mid ah physicists teori keentay. Seynisyahanno ka barteen sida loo la nidaamyada teori aadka u adag. Waa in la ogaadaa in ka dib waa awoodda ay tahay mid aad u anfacaya marka Landau bilaabay samaynaya cilmi-baaris ku saabsan physics low-heerkulka.

U soo guurista Kharkov

Lev Davidovich ee 1931 ayuu si Leningrad soo laabtay. Si dhakhso ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu go'aansaday inuu u dhaqaaqo Kharkov, taas oo mar ahaa caasimadda ah ee Ukraine. Halkan, saynisyahan a shaqeeya machadka Physico-Technical Yukreeniyaan ah, wuxuu ahaa madaxdii reer uu waaxda akhriska. Isla Lev Davidovich ahaa madaxa Waaxda Physics akhriska ee Jaamacadda Kharkov iyo Institute Kharkov ee Farsamada Engineering. In 1934, Academy USSR ee Sciences isaga shahaadada ee Doctor ee Jirka iyo Xisaabeed Sciences. Si arrintan loo sameeyo, Landau ma u baahan tahay xitaa si ay u difaacaan uu ay PhD. Cinwaanka professor waxaa la guddoonsiiyey sanadka soo socda in ay culimada sida Lev Landau.

Shaqo qarisay oo dhan meelaha cusub ee sayniska. Landau in Kharkov ayaa daabacay shuqullada ku saabsan mawduucyo ay ka mid yihiin kala firidhsan of dhawaaqa, asalka ah ee tamarta hugaaminaya, jejebinta iftiinka, kala iibsiga tamarta ka dhacda shilalka, superconductivity, guryaha magnetic of qalab kala duwan iyo kuwo kale. Sababo la this, wuxuu noqday yaqaan theorist ah, ayaa danaha aan caadi ahayn oo isu sayniska.

feature A ee kala duwan ee shuqullada Landau ee

Later, marka waxaa jiray a physics plasma, Landau sooco oo qayb ka lalana koronto, cadaato aad u faa'iido badan. Buugaag ka amaahashada fikradaha ee thermodynamics saynisyahan qaar ka mid ah ayaa ka dhigay tiro ka mid ah fikrado cusub oo loogu talagalay nidaamka low-heerkulka. Waa inaan sheegaa in shuqulka oo dhan lagu gartaa Landau mid feature muhiim ah - Iduna Park iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab xisaabeed ee xal u hesho dhibaatooyinka adag helo. Lev Landau kaalin muhiim ah in aragtida ah galmada iyo sidoo kale waxbarasho ee is dhexgalka ee dabiiciga ah iyo qayb ka hoose.

dugsiga Lev Landau

kala duwan ee uu cilmi baaris waa si dhab ah u ballaaran. Waxay dabooli dhowaad dhammaan goobaha waaweyn ee physics afka baarkiisa. Thanks ballaadhkiisuna this danihiisa saynisyahan a soo jiitay in Kharkov saynisyahano badan oo dhallinyaro tayo leh oo ardayda hibada leh in. oo iyaga ku dhex jiray Lifshits Evgeniy Mihaylovich, kuwaas oo noqday xubin Lva Davidovicha iyo saaxiibkiis dhow. dugsiga ayaa koray agagaarka Lev Landau, Kharkiv mid ka mid ah xarumaha keentay of physics qoraal USSR galay jeestay.

saynisyahan wuxuu ahaa qanacsanahay in jirka ah akhriska waa in la si fiican u yaqaanna dhammaan meelaha sayniska. Si taas loo gaaro, Lev Davidovich barnaamij tababar aad u adag. Markaasuu wuxuu u yeedhay barnaamijka "ugu yaraan teori". Codsadayaasha raba in ay ka qayb seminar ah, isaga by, lahaa inay buuxiyaan shuruudaha aad u sarreeya. Waxaa ugu Filan in aan idhaahdo in 30 sano, inkastoo kagama badan, dadka 40 kaliya gudbay imtixaanka ku saabsan "ugu yaraan teori". Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dadka u sameeyey, Lev Davidovich deeqsinimo siiyey wixii ay waqti iyo feejignaan. Intaa waxaa dheer, xorriyad buuxda doorashada waxaa iyagii la siiyey marka aad dooranayso topic cilmi ah.

Abuurista dabcan Physics teori

Landau Lev Davidovich hayo xiriirka saaxiibtinimo ee shaqaalaha iyo ardayda. Waxay jacayl u yeedhay aqoonyahan Dau. Si ay u caawiyaan in 1935, Lev Davidovich abuuray koorso faahfaahsan physics afka baarkiisa. Waxaa la daabacay lala ku Landau E. M. Lifshitsem oo ahaa taxane ah buugaagta. Ay qorayaasha content si loo casriyeeyo oo dib for a dheeraad ah muddo 20 sano ah. Helay taageero aad u weyn gargaarka. Waxay waxaa lagu turjumey luqado badan. Currently, buugaag sharciga kuwaas waxaa loo tixgeliyaa Classics. In 1962, la abuuro koorsada by Landau iyo Lifshitz helay Prize Lenin ah.

La shaqaynta Kapitsa

Lev Davidovich ee 1937, ku jawaabay in ay martiqaad Petra Kapitsy (uu sawir la soo bandhigay ka dib) oo noqday madaxa waaxda physics teori machadka Moscow ee Dhibaatooyinka Physical, dhawaan la abuuray wakhtigaas. Laakiin sanadka soo socda cilmiga la xiray. dulmay ahaa in uu ku hawlan basaasnimo ay guushu ku Germany. Oo kaliya in ay fara gelin ku sameeyeen Kapitza, kuwaas oo si shakhsi ah ugu baaqay in Kremlin mahad, Lev Landau ayaa la sii daayay.

Marka Landau ayaa ka soo dhaqaaqay Kharkov si Moscow, Kapitsa kaliya ku hawlan tijaabo la helium dareere ah. Haddii heerkulka hoos uga dhaco 4.2 K (heerkulka buuxda qiyaasay in kelvins, oo waxaa lagu cabbiraa ka -273,18 ° C, i.e. ka eber buuxda), gaaska helium noqdo dareere ah. In gobolka this waxa loo yaqaan helium-1. Haddii heerkulka uu yahay hoose si 2.17 K, waxaa soo laabtay dareere ah, loo yaqaan helium-2. Waxay leedahay aad u xiiso badan guryaha. Helium-2 waa inay awoodaan inay si fudud qulo boosaska ugu yar. Waxa ay u muuqataa sida haddii nafwaayay waxaa gebi ahaanba maqan. Maandooriyaha soo fuulaa, derbiga markabka, sida haddii cuf wax saameyn ah kuma isaga. Intaa waxaa dheer, ay conductivity kaamerada badan conductivity ah kaamerada of copper weyn boqolaal jeer. Kapitsa go'aansaday yeedhay superfluid helium-2 dareere ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, marka imtixaanka la saaray lagu ogaaday in nafwaayay ma aha eber.

Qubarada ayaa soo jeediyay in dhaqanka this aan caadi ahayn waxaa loo sharxay by saamaynta ah ee ku jira aagga aan la physics classical iyo aragti galmada. saamaynta dhacaan oo keliya marka heerkulku hooseeyo. Sida caadiga ah iyagu ma ay iman cunnooyinka adkaha ah, tan iyo walxaha ugu talaagada ku hoos jira xaalad kuwaas. marka laga reebo waa helium. Tani walax eber buuxda weli dareere ah haddii aan la hoos geliyey in ay cadaadis sare. László Tisza 1938 godu soo jeediyay in dhab ahaantii helium dareere ah - isku dar ah laba nooc: a helium-2 (superfluid) iyo helium-1 (dareere ah sida caadiga ah). Marka heerkulka ugu dhaco, si eber buuxda u dhow, qayb ugu horeysay uu noqdo xukuma. fikrad Tani waxay fasireysaa muuqaalka kore ee ku nafwaayay kala duwan xaalado kala duwan.

Landau sharaxay arrin ku superfluidity

Lev Landau, Biography gaaban oo qeexaya kaliya guulihii ay ugu muhiimsan, ma sharixi kartaa arrin ku superfluidity, iyadoo la isticmaalayo qalab xisaabeed cusub. saynisyahano kale isku hallaysay Farsamoyaqaan galmada, kaasi oo loo adeegsaday si ay u falanqeeyaan dhaqanka atamka shaqsi. Landau ayaa sidoo kale dib u eegay gobolka galmada ee dareeraha ah ee ku dhawaad waa isku mid sida haddii ay ahayd adag. Waxa uu horey la xiqiijiyay in ay jiraan laba qaybood excitation, ama dhaqdhaqaaqa. The ugu horeysay oo ka mid ah - waa phonons, taas oo lagu qeexo faafinta caadi ah rectilinear of mowjado dhawaaq at qiimaha yar ee tamarta iyo dhaqaajinta. Second - rotons oo sharaxaad ka mooshinka wareeg ah. Arintaan waa muujinta dheeraad ah oo adag ee excitations dhaca tamar sare iyo dhaqaajinta. saynisyahan ayaa sheegay in ifafaale arkay lagu macnayn karaa by roton iyo phonon qaaraan iyo is dhexgalka.

Landau ku dooday in helium dareere loo arki karaa ka kooban "caadi ah", taas oo gadaya oo "background" ayuu superfluid. Sida aynu sharxi karo xaqiiqada ah in helium dareeraha dhici doonaa iyada oo loo marayo farqiga cidhiidhi ah? saynisyahan ayaa sheegay in keliya qayb ka superfluid kiiskan la barwaaqaysan. A rotons phonons iyo isku leh oo ay derbiyo ku, iyaga xafidaada.

Qiimaha aragti Landau ah

Landau aragti, iyo inay sii wanaajiyaan waxay door aad u muhiim ah in sayniska. Iyagu ma ay fududahay in la sharaxo ifafaale arkay, laakiin sidoo kale saadaaliyay dhowr dadka kale. Mid ka mid ah tusaale ahaan - waa faafinta laba hirarka isagoo guryaha kala duwan oo loo yaqaan dhawaaqa kowaad iyo labaad. dhawaaqa hore waa mowjado dhawaaq caadiga ah, halka labaad waa la ruxruxo kaamerada. Thanks to aragti horumartay by Landau, saynisyahano ah ay awoodaan si ay u sameeyaan horumar la taaban karo in la fahmo nooca superconductivity.

Intii uu socday dagaalkii labaad ee caalamiga ah iyo muddada guudahaan

Lev Davidovich inta lagu jiro dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka, wuxuu bartay qaraxyada iyo ololaya. Gaar ahaan, isaga oo xiiseynaya hirarka lama filaan ah. Ka dib markii May 1945 iyo ilaa 1962 saynisyahan a ka shaqeeya hawlaha kala duwan. Gaar ahaan wuxuu baarayaa isotope helium dhif isagoo culayska qaaradda of 3 (sida caadiga ah ay mass 4). Lev Davidovich saadaaliyay jiritaanka isotope this for nooc cusub oo ah faafinta la ruxruxo. The "eber dhawaaqa" - sidaas darteed waxaa la odhan jiray Lev Davidovich Landau. Uu Biography sida calaamad, marka lagu daro, ka qayb-abuurka bam qaaradda in Midowga Soofiyeeti.

Shil, Nobel Prize oo sano ee la soo dhaafay ee uu noloshiisa

At da'da 53 uu galay shil baabuur oo sabab u ah oo uu ka helay dhaawacyo halis ah. Dad badan oo dhakhaatiir ka Midowga Soofiyeeti, France, Canada, Czechoslovakia, diriray nolosha saynisyahan a. Wuxuu ku sii miyir 6 asbuuc. saddex bilood gudahood ka dib markii shil baabuur ku anigu ma aqoonsan Landau Lev xitaa u dhow. Prize Nobel waxaa la guddoonsiiyey isaga ugu 1962. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sababo caafimaad uu awoodi waayay in uu u safro Stockholm si ay u helaan. In sawirka hoose waxaad ku arki kartaa Landau iyo xaaskiisa isbitaalka.

Abaalmarinta ayaa la siiyay cilmiga ee Moscow. Intaas ka dib Lev Davidovich noolaa 6 sano, laakiin soo laabtay in ay baaritaan wuuna kari waayay. Lev Landau ku dhintay Moscow oo sabab u ah dhibaatooyinka ka yimaada dhaawaca uu.

Landau qoyska

Saynisyahanka ee 1937 guursaday Drobantsevoy Concordia, injineer habka berrinkii warshadaha cuntada a. Naagtan waxay ahayd hooyo ah Kharkov. Years of nolosheeda - 1908-1984. Qoyska uu ka dhashay wiil, kuwaas oo markii dambe u noqday jirka ah mid tijaabo iyo shaqeeyay Institute for Dhibaatooyinka jireed. In photo hoos ku taxan Landau wiilkiisa.

Tani waa oo dhan in loo sheegi karo oo ku saabsan sida culimada Lev Landau. Uu Biography, dabcan, waxaa ka mid ah oo kaliya xaqiiqooyin aasaasi ah. Aragtiyaha uu abuuray arrin adag akhristaha ku ceebownaaye. Sidaa darteed, maqaalkan kooban oo kaliya la hadlay oo ku saabsan sida samaynta caanka Lev Landau. Biography iyo guulaha saynisyahano weli yihiin oo xiiso weyn adduunka oo dhan.