Lacag proton - qiimaha saldhig physics walxaha hoose

Haddii aad tahay qof aqoon u leh qaab dhismeedka eb ah, aad u badan tahay in la ogaado in la eb ee element kasta oo uu ka kooban yahay saddex nooc oo qayb ka hoose: protons, electrons, neutrons. Protons weheliso neutrons si ay u sameeyaan xuduntii ee element kiimikada. Tan iyo amarka reer binu proton waa positive, xuduntii waxaa mar walba si wanaagsan lagu soo eedeeyay. Kharashka korontada ee xuduntii qaaradda magdhow daruur ku wareegsan oo kale oo qayb ka hoose. The electron xun eedeeyay - tani waa atamka component in degto amarka proton ah. Iyada oo ku xidhan electrons badan sida hareerayn xuduntii, element waxaa laga yaabaa in sidoo kale koronto dhexdhexaad ah (lacala tiro siman oo protons iyo electrons in la eb ah), ama Leeyihiin togan ama taban (lacala yaraanta ama electrons xad-dhaaf ah, siday u kala horreeyaan). eb element sita lacag gaar ah, loo yaqaan ra'iyi.

Waxaa muhiim ah in la xasuusto in ay tahay tirada protons waxaa go'aamiya sifooyinka xubno iyo booska waxaa miiska wareegsan. D. I. Mendeleeva. Ku jira neutrons xuduntii leeyihiin lacag la'aan. Sababo la xaqiiqada ah in tiro ka mid ah neutron iyo proton xiran oo ficil ahaan loo siman yahay in midba midka kale, iyo mass ee electron la dayac badan marka la barbar dhigo iyaga (ee 1836 jeer ka yar mass ee proton a), tirada neutrons in ay xuduntii ayaa door aad u muhiim ah, kuwaas oo, go'aamiso xasiloonida ee nidaamka iyo heerka of suuska of radioactive nuclei. Content ee neutron ah waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa isotope (kala duwan) ee element ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay sabab u tahay jaanqaadayn oo ka mid ah dadweynaha oo ka mid ah lagu eedeeyay qayb ka, protons, iyo electrons Leeyihiin gaar ah oo kala duwan (qiimaha this waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa ratio of Qurub hoose la'aan si ay miisaanka). Sidaas awgeed, saamiga la'aan proton waa 9.578756 (27) x 107 C / kg ka dhanka ah -1.758820088 (39) ee × 1011 electrons. Maadaama uu qiimaha sare kharash gaar ah protons free ma jiri karaan in warbaahinta dareeraha ah, oo waxay ku siin fuuq.

Mass oo mas'uul ka ah proton ah - magnitude gaar ah, kaas oo ay awoodaan in la dhiso bilowgii qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Yaa ka mid ah aqoonyahaniinta waxaa sameeyey - mid ka mid ah ugu weyn - furitaanka ee qarnigii labaatanaad? In 1913, Rutherford, oo ku salaysan xaqiiqada ah in tacsida ah ee dhammaan qaybaha kiimiko loo yaqaano waa ka weyn yahay mass ee la eb hydrogen in tirada abyoonaha ah times a, soo jeediyay in xuduntii eb hydrogen waxaa ka mid ahaa in xuduntii la eb ee element kasta. Waxbaa ka dib Rutherford sameeyay tijaabo ah oo bartay dhexgalka la Qurub Alfa nuclei nitrogen. Sidaas darteed of tijaabo ka xuduntii eb duulay walxaha taas oo Rutherford loo yaqaan "proton" (ka soo Giriigga ereyga "protos" - kii hore) oo soo jeediyay in ay tahay xuduntii eb hydrogen ah. malo ayaa la caddeeyey experimentally ku celis ah oo waayo-aragnimo sayniska this qolladdii daruurtii.

xiqiijiyay in Rutherford mid ah jiritaanka walxaha ee xuduntii qaaradda sameeyey 1920, kaas oo si siman u mass ee proton ah, laakiin xanbaarsan yahay amarka lahayn koronto. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa aan suurto gal ahayd in la ogaado walxaha si Rutherford. Laakiin in 1932, oo uu ardaygu Chadwick experimentally cadeeyay jiritaanka neutrons in xuduntii - Qurub sida saadaaliyay Rutherford, ku dhowaad siman ee mass proton ah. Ogaado neutrons adkeyd maxaa yeelay, iyagu ma laha lacag korontada iyo, sida, ma soo galay is dhexgalka nuclei kale. La'aanta lacag lagu sharaxay by sifooyinka neutrons sida xoogga ah cabaar mid aad u sarreeya.

Protons iyo neutrons xidhan xuduntii qaaradda waa ciidan aad u xoog badan. Haddaba physics isugu on fikradda ah in labadan qayb nuclear aasaasiga ah mid aad u la mid ah midba midka kale waa. Sidaas daraaddeed, waxay leeyihiin dib u la mid ah, iyo ciidamada nuclear dhaqmaan iyaga on gabi ahaanba si siman. Faraqa kaliya - amarka wanaagsan ee proton ah, neutron isla leeyahay lacag la'aan. Laakiin sida amarka korontada ee isdhexgalka nuclear leeyahay macnaha lahayn, waxa kaliya ee la oran karo waa sida nooc ka mid ah qoraalka proton. Haddii, si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka qaadid amarka proton korontada, uu waayi doono shaqsi.