Heisenberg ee la hubin - albaabka si microworld ah

Marka dhallinyarada Maks isagga oo u sheegay macallinka in uu doonayo in uu sii wado si ay u galaan physics afka baarkiisa, oo dhoola caddeeyey oo u xaqiijiyay in aan kaliya ka bartay waxba kuma laha waxaa uu leeyahay - ka tagay oo kaliya "nadiifinta xunxunna ah." Hoogay! Dadaalka Planck, Niels Bohr, Einstein, Schrödinger iyo kuwa kale. Wax kasta oo ka yeellay korkoodii waa, oo si fiican in aanad dib ugu noqon doonaan, oo ka hor waddooyinka. Dheeraad ah - dheeraad ah, iyada oo aragtida guud ee fowdo si lama filaan ah u muuqata, tusaale ahaan, la hubin Heisenberg ah. Sida ay iyagu yidhaahdaan, waxa kaliya oo aan ku filan. At Warega of 19-20 qarniyo, saynisyahano ayaa albaabka u furay in aan la garanayn meesha of Qurub hoose, oo halkaas waa farsamo Newtonian caadiga ah ku guuldareystay.

Waxaa u muuqan lahaa, "ka hor", oo dhan si fiican - in jidhka jirka, si wadataa ay. In "physics caadi ah," aad mar walba qaadan kartaa fallaadh iyo sheeg "duro" in ay wax "caadi ah", xitaa uusan u dhaqaaqin. Simbiriirixan aragti laga saaray - sharciyada Newton ee ma qaladaad samayso. Laakiin halkan ka wax waxbarasho waxaa ay noqonayaan kuwo yar - hadhuudh, Britain ah, la eb. First baaba'aan contours dhabta ah ee shayga, ka dibna in ay sharaxaad ka muuqan qiyaasaha probabilistic ee heerka caadiga ah ee u taagoo gaaska, iyo ugu dambeyntii, ka wadataa taagoo yihiin "celcelis", laakiin waxaan dhihi karaa oo ku saabsan Britain gaaska, waa mid ka mid here, ama, laakiin ay u badan tahay meel aagga this. Time idlaan doonaan, iyo xal u helidda dhibaatada hubin Heisenberg ah, laakiin in ka dib, laakiin hadda ... Isku day in aad ku dhufatey "kaca teori" ah ee shayga haddii ay tahay "in asal ahaan ay u badan tahay." Gabtay? Iyo nooca shayga, waxa uu size, qaabkiisa? Waxaa jiray su'aalo ka badan jawaabaha.

Oo waxa ku saabsan la eb ee? Well model Planetary hadda loo yaqaan ayaa waxaa la soo jeediyey in 1911 oo markiiba keena su'aalo badan. iyaga ka mid ah Chief: labada falagiisuu ku electron diidmo ah la soo qabtay iyo sababta uusan ku dhicin on xuduntii wanaagsan? Sida ay iyagu yidhaahdaan - su'aal wanaagsan. Waa in la ogaadaa in dhammaan xisaabaha teori waqtigan qaadeen ku salaysan farsamo classical - hubin Heisenberg ayaa ku guuleysan meel sharaf leh in aragtida ah ee la eb ee. Dhab ahaantii Tani ma ogola saynisyahano si ay u fahmaan nuxurka ka mid ah farsamo la eb ee. "Halkay" Niels Bohr eb - waxay isagii siiyeen xasiloonida in male ah in electron uu leeyahay heerarka orbital, iyagoo taas oo uusan radiate tamarta, ie, ma waa lumin oo ma waxaan gelayaa xuduntii.

Study on sii socodka ah ee wadamada tamarta la eb ee uu hore u siiyey wadadii horumarka of physics cusub - galmada, bilaabay by Maks isagga oo in 1900. Waxa uu helay arrin ku quantization tamarta, iyo Niels Bohr helay isticmaalka a waxaa loogu talagalay. Later, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa la ogaaday in ku tilmaamay by model Farsamoyaqaan classical la eb ee waxaan u garan karaa macrocosm ah gabi ahaanba khaldan. Xitaa waqti iyo meel marka la eego dunida galmada qaadataa macnaha ah gebi ahaanba ka duwan. Waqtigaa isku day ee physicists teori siin xisaabeed model la eb ee Planetary dhamaaday isleegyo multistory iyo Xumo falayaal. dhibaatadii loo xalliyay adigoo isticmaalaya xidhiidhka la hubin Heisenberg. Tani hadal xisaabta la yaab leh suubban xidhana da'ayeen la hubin isku duwaha Δx iyo Δv walxaha xawaaraha m mass iyo Planck ee h joogto ah:.

Δx * Δv> h / m

Sidaa awgeed la siinayo ee aasaasiga ah farqiga iyo Dhaqale: booska iyo xawaare ka mid ah qayb ka ah in micro ma ogaan karo qaab gaar ah - waxay leeyihiin dabiiciga ah probabilistic. Dhinaca kale, mabda'a Heisenberg ee dhinaca midigta ee ku jira qiimaha aad la taaban karo wanaagsan ah, taas oo muujinaysa in qiimaha eber la tir tiro ugu yaraan mid ka mid ah la hubin. In tababar, taas macnaheedu waa in ay xawaare iyo Jagada qayb ka ah dunida oo dhan subatomic waxaa mar walba ka go'an qaladka ah, iyo waxa ay marna waa eber. In si sax ah xagal isla Heisenberg hubin ku xidhaa laba laba kale lala of sifooyinka, sida tamarta iyo la hubin wakhtiga E Δt?:

ΔEΔt> h

Nuxurka ah ee ra'yi this waa in aanay suurtagal ahayn in ay isku mar loo cabbiro tamarta ee Qurub nuclear iyo waqtiga at kaas oo ay haysto, iyada oo aan la hubin ee ay qiimaha tan iyo cabirka tamarta qaadataa waqti qaar ka mid ah, inta lagu guda jiro kaas oo tamarta la kala sooc lahayn bedelay.