Guryaha jirka ah ee acetic acid, caanaha

dhalada khal la cuni karo caadiga ah, kaas oo laga heli karaa jikada ee guri kasta ayaa ka kooban acids kale oo badan iyo fiitamiino. Isagoo intaa ku daray labo ka mid ah wax soo saarka dhibciyo galay cuntada la kariyey, saladh sababa horumarinta dhadhan dabiiciga ah. Laakiin yar oo naga mid ah si dhab ah u maleeyay oo ku saabsan guryaha iyo heerka dhabta ah ee isticmaalka qayb ugu weyn - acetic acid.

Waa maxay walax this?

Formula _CH3COOH acetic acid in ay la xiriirto ay tahay tirada acids dufan carboxylic. Joogitaanka kooxda carboxyl ah (COOH) waxaa ku meelaynayaa in acid ah monobasic. maalka laga helay dhulka qaab ah organic iyo waa la helay synthetically shaybaarka. Acid waa wakiilka ugu fudud, laakiin aan ka yarayn muhiimka ah ee ay kala duwan. Si fudud L. biyo, hygroscopic.

guryaha Physical of acid acetic iyo cufnaanta kala duwan heerkulka. Heerkulka qolka 20 ° ^C acid waa in gobolka oo ah dareere, ayaa cufnaanta ah 1.05 g / cm ^3. Waxay leedahay ur gaar ah iyo dhadhan dhanaan. xal A oo ah walaxda iyada oo aan lagu daro engejiyaa oo uu noqdo kiristaalo heerkulka hoos ku 17 ° ^C. habka wuxuu ku bilaabmaa karkaraya acetic acid at heerkul ka sarreeya 117 ° group ^C. methyl (CH ₃₎ acid acetic oo ah caanaha waa la helay by ficil alcohols la oxygen: walxaha iyo halsano khamriga of carbohydrates, khamri xumaynaya.

A yar oo taariikh

Furitaanka khal ka mid ahaa ugu horeeyay ee taxane ah oo acid iyo la sameeyey wareega. Markii hore, acetic acid bilaabay inuu soo saaro by culimada muxaadaro Arab ee qarnigii 8aad. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, in qadiimiga Rome walax oo ka soo jeeda khamri dhanaan waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida Suugo a universal. Magaca aad ka Greek oo macnaheedu yahay "dhanaan". Qarnigii 17aad ee Europe, saynisyahano u awoodin inay soo saaro walax walax saafi ah. Oo wakhtigaas, oo waxay qaateen caanaha oo helay awood aan caadi ahayn - acid acetic ee gobolka ceeryaamo gubta olol buluug ah.

Ilaa qarnigii 19aad, saynisyahano helay joogitaanka acetic acid qaab ah organic kaliya - taas oo qayb ka mid ah xeryahooda iyo cusbada ee esters. Iyada oo qayb ka mid ah dhirta iyo midhaha ay: tufaax, canab. In dadka iyo xayawaanka, Digo dhididka, bile. In qarnigii 20aad, saynisyahano Ruush kala sooc lahayn bixiyay acetaldehyde ka falcelinta ee alxamaad la xabagta mercury. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, isticmaalka acid acetic si weyn in ay ka fiirsato hoose qaadataa meel synthetically kaliya ku saabsan baaxadda weyn.

Hababka wax soo saarka

Haddii qaab saafi ah acetic acid ama joogitaanka nijaasta in xalka Waxay ku xiran tahay habka fiirsato. Cuntada acetic acid waa la helay biochemically inta lagu guda jiro halsano ethanol. In warshadaha, dhowr hab qarsan fiirsato acid. Sida caadiga ah, dareen diidmo oo waxaa weheliya heerkulka sare iyo joogitaanka Xoojiya:

• Methanol wajigooda ayaa la carbon (carbonylation).
• qayilo ogsijiin jajabyada batroolka.
• Pyrolysis oo qoryo.
• qayilo ogsijiin of acetaldehyde.

hannaanka warshadeed ee lagmamaarmaanna u wax ku ool ah oo dhaqaale. Sababo la xiriira habka warshadaha, xaddiga soo saarka acid acetic in 20-aad iyo 21 ilaa qarnigii th boqolaal jeer la qarnigii 19aad marka la barbar dhigo. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, acid ee acetic by carbonylation ee Avv methanol waxay bixisaa in ka badan 50% ka mid ah mugga soo saaray.

guryaha jirka ah ee acetic acid iyo saamaynta ay ku tilmaanta

The dareere acid acetic waa midab. 2,4 pH aysidhka si fudud loo xaqiijin by warqad adag. acid acetic xiriir la rinjiga on tilmaame ee cas. guryaha jirka ah ee acetic acid aragga beddelo. Marka heerkulka hoos uga dhaco 16 ^{° C,} walaxda qaadataa nooc ka mid adag oo u ekaan a kiristaalo baraf yar. Waa sahlan milma biyaha iyo sameynayso la tiro balaadhan oo ah qase kale oo aan ahayn tayadda hydrogen. Acetic acid yaraynaysaa mugga guud ee dareeraha dul Barxo biyo. Si madaxbannaan u sharax guryaha jirka ah ee acid acetic, midabka iyo dareen taabasho, taas oo aad ku aragto image soo socda.

maalkiisu waa u gubta at heerkul ah 455 ^{° C} la sii daayo kulaylka in 876 KJ / mol. Miisaanka uu leeyahay gaws waa 60,05 g / mol. guryaha jirka ah ee acetic acid sida elektrolytka ee reactions ay daciif yihiin. joogto ah ayaa dielectric waa 6,15 heerkulka qolka. Cadaadiska sida mugga, - a hantida jirka variable acetic acid. At cadaadis a of 40 mm. Hg. Art. iyo heerkul ah 42 ^{° C} si ay u bilaabaan nidaamka karkaraya. Laakiin mar hore cadaadiska ka mid ah 100 mm. Hg. Art. daartu ku dhacaa oo kaliya at 62 ^° C

kiimikaad

Sameynayso la Biraha iyo oxides walax muujinayaa hantida acidic. Heer sare kala diridda ah xeryahooda ka sii adag, cusbada foomamka acid taas waxaa loo yaqaan acetates :. Magnesium, lead, potassium, qiimaha iwm PK of acid waa 4.75.

Inta lagu guda jiro dhexgalka la gaasas ku soo galay khal reaction bedelay , waxaana ku xiga barokaca iyo foomka a acids dheeraad ah oo adag: chloroacetic, iodoacetic. Kala diri ee biyaha, acid iska fogeeyay arrinta la sii daayo udhigo copolymer iyo protons hydrogen. Degree of dissociation waa 0.4 boqolkiiba.

guryaha jirka iyo kiimikada ah u taagoo acid acetic qaab crystalline Diamer in la abuuro bonds hydrogen. Sidoo kale, hantida waa loo baahan yahay in la abuuro acids dufan badan oo adag, biosynthesis of steroids iyo sterols.

baaris shaybaar

Ogaado acid acetic in xal lagu gaari karaa iyadoo laga arko hantida jidh ahaaneed, sida caraf udgoon. xal ku filan ayaa lagu daray acid xoog badan, taas oo uu bilaabo inuu Leexin cusbo khal la kala ay uumiga. By muxaadaro shaybaarka COONa CH ₃ iyo H ₂ SO ₄ waa macquul in la helo acetic acid foomka qalalan.

Waxaan soo jiidi waayo-aragnimo ka manhajka dugsiga ee kimistari fasalka 8. The guryaha jireed si cad u muujinaysaa acetic acid reaction kiimikada rasstvoreniya. Waxaa ku filan in aad ku darto in ay walax in xal, xabagta copper iyo wax yar u Kulaashaan. xabagta ayaa si buuxda loo kala diri, samaynta xal buluug.

wakiilada taagayo

walax reaction tayo leh qaab xalal badan: esters, amides iyo cusbada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, inta lagu guda jiro soo saarka ee walxaha kale, shuruudaha guryaha jirka ah ee acetic acid waa sare. Waa in had iyo jeer Heer sare ah ee kala diridda iyo, sidaas darteed, ma waxay leeyihiin nijaasta dhinac saddexaad.

Iyada oo ku xidhan fiirsashada of xal aqueous of acetic acid qoondeeyo tiro ka mid ah taagayo ay. fiirsashada walax ah oo ka badan 96% ayaa magac - glacial acetic acid. acid acetic in 70-80% waxa laga iibsan karaa dukaamada cuntada, halkaas oo loogu yeedhi doonaa - nuxurka khal. Khal ayaa uruuray of 3-9%.

acid acetic iyo nolol maalmeedka

Waxa intaa dheer in muuqaalada cuntada, acetic acid uu leeyahay dhowr guryaha jirka ah oo Dadka ayaa lagu ogaaday in ay codsiga nolosha. Xalka fiirsashada yar oo ah walaxda si fudud saaraysaa huurada ka articles biraha, muraayadaha dusha iyo daaqadaha. Awoodda si uu u nuugo qoyaanka sidoo kale u ciyaara lacagta. Oo khal waa wanaagsan yahay a meesha ur laga urin karo qolalka, ka saaraysaa Wasaqda ka miro iyo khudaar in ay dharka.

Sida ka leexatay, hantida jidh ahaaneed ee acid ee acetic - in ay ka saarto baruurta lagana rujiyey - waxaa loo isticmaali karaa in daawada dad iyo Qurxin. xal A daciif ah oo khal loola dhaqmo timaha si aad u iftiimiyo. walaxda si weyn loo loo isticmaalo daweynta ee hargabka, ka saarida ee burooyinka, iyo fangaska cutaneous. Muqdsho isticmaalka khal ee halabuurka ah ee la isku qurxiyo si ay ula dagaalamaan wuxuuuna cellulite.

Isticmaalka in soo saaridda of

The cusbada xeryahooda ah, iyo waxyaabaha kale ee adag acid acetic u dhaqmo sida element lagama maarmaan ah:

• wershedaha dawooyinka. In la abuuro: aspirin, cadar aalkolada iyo bakteeriyada, phenacetin.
• Production macdantaa dardaro. film guban, copolymer cellulose.
• Warshadaha cuntada. Waayo, ilaalinta guul, samaynta pickles iyo suugada, sida E260 daro cuntada.
• warshadaha dharka. Bixisey formaldehyde ah.
• la isku qurxiyo iyo waxyaabaha daryeelka shakhsi ahaaneed warshadaha. saliidaha leedahay beduliyum, kareemada si loo hagaajiyo midab maqaarka.
• mordants Production. Waxaa loo adeegsaday sida cayayaanka iyo mordant a of haramaha.
• Soo saaridda of varnishes. qase Farsamada soo saarka acetone.

Sanad saaridda acetic acid waa sii korodhay. Waqtigan xaadirka ah, ay mugga adduunka waa ka badan 400 oo kun oo tan bishii. acid waa gaadiid by a taangiyada steel xoog leh. Kaydinta weel caag ah in warshado badan ay sabab u tahay waxqabad sare jirka iyo kiimikada ee acetic acid waa ka mamnuuc ama ku koobnayn muddo dhawr bilood ah.

ammaanka

acid acetic fiirsashada sare waxa uu shahaadada saddexaad suuroggalaan iyo shanqarta qiiqa sunta ah. Waxaa lagu talinayaa inay xidhaan waji gaar ah iyo qalabka kale ee dhowritaanka shaqsiga marka la acid shaqeeya. dose halis ah, waayo, jidh bani 20 ml. Waqtigan xaadirka ah ee la sii daayo oo ah walaxda galay acid ee ugu horrayn ka gubtay xabka, ka dibna waxay saamaysaa xubnaha kale. Xaaladaha noocaas ah waxay u baahan yihiin daaweyn degdeg ah.

Ka dib markii xiriir la acid ee maqaarka qaawan lagu talinayaa in uu si deg deg ah lagu dhaqaa biyo socda. Guudka acid lagu gubto keeni kartaa galleeyda nudaha, kaas oo sidoo kale u baahan yahay in isbitaal.

xaqiiqooyinka oo xiiso leh

Seynisyahanno Physiology ogaaday in qofka aan loo baahnayn dhaweynta acetic acid - samayn karaa iyada oo aan lagu daro cuntada. Laakiin dadka qaba dulqaad in acid, iyo sidoo kale dhibaatooyinka caloosha, walax ahaan uu u.

Acetic acid waxaa loo isticmaalaa in farshaxan.

Maandooriyaha in qadar yar oo laga helay malab, muuska iyo sarreen ah.

Ka dib markii qaboojinta, acetic acid, oo si weyn rux ilaa awoodda u leh, oo aad ka daawan kartaa iyada Adkaan riwaayado.

fiirsashada yar oo acetic acid yarayn karaa calaamad xanuun of qaniinyada cayayaanka iyo gubashada yar yar.

Reception in cuntooyinka la content hooseeyo of acetic acid yaraynaysaa heerka kolestaroolka ee jirka. maalkiisu waa si fiican u degto ee heerarka sonkorta dhiigga ee qofka macaanka qaba.

Isticmaalka borotiinka iyo carbohydrate wada cuntada la qadar yar oo ah acetic acid Kordhiyey shaqeeyo digestibility.

Haddii cuntada waa mid aad u cusbada leh, oo kaliya ku dar a dhibcood yar oo khal in la simi beesho.

at ugu dambeeyey

isticmaalka Millennium of acetic acid keentay in xaqiiqda ah in hantida jidh ahaaneed iyo kiimikada ka heli lahaayeen jidkooda at jeedin kasta. Boqolaal reactions suurto gal ah, kumanaan ka mid ah walxaha waxtar leh, kuwaas oo ay sabab u tahay Dadka ka socda. Muhiim in la ogaado oo dhan sifooyinka of acid acetic, qaababka ay togan iyo kuwa taban.

Ha illoobin oo ku saabsan faa'iidooyinka, laakiin had iyo jeer waxaannu xusuusan nahay waa in wixii waxyeelo u keeni kara isticmaalka a si taxadar la'aan ah tirada badan ee acetic acid. In ay khatar, iyada la taagan soo socota si ay aashito iyo sulfuric acid. Had iyo jeer xasuuso badbaadada marka la isticmaalayo acid. Si habboon oo si taxadar leh lagu milo nuxurka oo biyo ah.