Energy - waa ... iman kara iyo ogeed tamarta. Waa maxay tamarta ee physics?

Energy - taasi waa sidaas daraaddeed ma ay jirto nolosha kaliya on dhulkeenna, laakiin sidoo kale in caalamka oo dhan. Isla mar ahaantaana waxa ay noqon karaan kuwo aad u kala duwan. Tusaale ahaan, kulaylka, dhawaaqa, iftiinka, korontada, microwaves, calories yihiin noocyada kala duwan ee tamarta. Waayo, geeddi socodka oo dhan ka dhacaya nagu wareegsan, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah walax this. waxyaalahan oo dhan Inta badan tamarta on Earth ka soo qorraxda helo, laakiin waxaa jira ilo kale waxaa ka mid ah. Qorraxdu waxay u soo diro ay caalamka sida ugu badan ee loo horumariyo lahaa waqti isku mid ah 100 million in awoodda ugu awooda badan.

Waa maxay tamarta?

Aragtidu waxay la Yimaadeen Albertom Eynshteynom, waxaan ka baran xiriirka ee arrinta iyo tamarta. saynisyahan Tani weyn aysan awoodin in ay muujiyaan awood u leh inay beddesho mid walax in kale. Waxaa soo baxay in tamarta waa arrin ugu muhiimsan ee jiritaanka meydadka, iyo arrinta waa sare.

Energy - waa, by waaweyn iyo, awood u leh inay qabtaan shaqada qaar ka mid ah. Waxa ay ahayd tii u taagan tahay ka dambeeya fikirka ah ciidan awood u dhaqaaqin jirka ama u siiyo guryaha cusub. Waa maxay macnaha erayga "tamarta"? Physics - waa sayniska aasaasiga ah, kan naftiisa, saynisyahano badan ka jireen waagii iyo dalal kala duwan soocay. Aristotle isticmaalo erayga "tamarta" si ay tixraac hawlaha aadanaha. Tarjumay Giriigga ah ee "tamarta" - tani "waxqabad", "awood", "tallaabo", "awood". Marka ugu horraysa ee erayga u muuqataa in khuseeya ee ardayba, Greek loo yaqaan "Physics".

In dareenka caadiga ah, ay hadda tahay muddada ayaa waxaa asal jirka Ingiriisi ah Thomas Young. Dhacdadani waxa ay kuweyn dhacay 1807 fog. In 50-mada ay qarnigii XIX. Injineer Ingiriisi Uilyam Tomson marka hore loo isticmaalaa ereyga "engergiya ogeed", iyo in 1853, jirka dadka ku Scottish Uilyam Renkin asal ereyga "tamarta".

Maanta, tani waa tiro scalar joogo dhammaan meelaha physics. Waa qiyaas caadi ah oo ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo is dhexgalka ee arrinta. In si kale loo dhigo, waa qiyaas ah oo diinta ka mid ah foomka si kale.

Units iyo calaamadaha

Caddadka tamar waxaa lagu cabiraa joules (J). unit gaarka ah, taas oo ku xidhan nooca tamarta yeelan karaan tilmaamood oo kala duwan, sida:

• W - tamarta guud ee nidaamka.
• Q - kulaylka.
• U - iman kara.

noocyada kala duwan ee tamarta

In dabiiciga ah, waxaa jira noocyo badan oo kala duwan ee tamarta. Oo ah kuwa ugu muhiimsan waxay kala yihiin:

• farsamo;
• electromagnetic;
• korontada,
• kiimikada,
• kaamerada,
• nuclear (qaaradda).

Waxaa jira noocyo kale oo tamar: iftiinka, dhawaaqa, magnetic. Sanadihii la soo dhaafay, tiro sii kordhaysa oo physicists, saynisyahano waa dhiiran tahay in la xiqiijiyay in jiritaanka waxa loogu yeero "madow" tamarta. Mid kasta oo ka mid ah noocyada kor ku xusan oo ah walaxda this waxay leedahay astaamo u gaar ah. Tusaale ahaan, tamarta codka waa in la kala qaado by yahay ee hirarka awoodaan. Waxay gacan ka dhacdo ee xuubka gariirka dhegta ee dadka iyo xoolaha, kaas oo aad maqli kartaa dhawaaqyada. In koorsada of falgalka kiimikada kala duwan daayo tamarta looga baahan yahay nolosha oo dhan noolaha. Kasta shidaalka, cuntada, batariyo, bateriga waa kaydinta tamarta this.

Our iftiinka siiya tamarta adduunka ee foomka of hirarka electromagnetic. Sida kaliya ee looga gudbi karo ayay waasicinnay ee Cosmos ee. Thanks to technology casri ah, sida cadceedda, waxaan u isticmaali kartaa si wax ku ool ugu. tamarta la isticmaalin dheeraadka ah waxa lagu kaydiyaa energohranilischah gaar ah. Oo ay la socdaan foomamka ku xusan ee tamarta ayaa badanaa loo isticmaalaa ilo kaamerada, Wabiyaal, baddu ee badda, biofuels.

tamarta si farsamaysan

Noocan ah tamarta bartay laanta of physics loo yaqaan "farsamo". Waxaa la muujinaysaa by warqadda E. Its cabbirka waa la fuliyay in joules (J). Waa maxay tamarta this? cilmiga Physics mooshin makaanikada ee jirkooda iyo wada leh kasta oo kale ama beeraha dibadda. tamarta ay sabab u tahay mooshinka of meydadka, loo yaqaan ogeed (muujinaysaa Ek), iyo tamarta ay sabab u tahay is dhexgalka ee jirkooda ama beeraha dibadda, u yeedhay iman kara (E). Inta ay dhaqdhaqaaqa iyo is dhexgalka waa wadarta tamarta si farsamaysan nidaamka.

Xisaab, labada noocyada jiro caadiga ah. Si loo go'aamiyo qadarka tamarta loo baahan yahay si ay u xisaabiso shaqada looga baahan yahay tarjumaadda ee jirka ka gobolka eber gobolka joogo. The shaqo weyn, tamarta more yeelan doonaan jirka ah ee gobolka this.

Unbundling ka mid ah Calaamooyinkiisa kala duwan

Waxaa jira dhawr nooc oo ah horyaalka heerka tamarta. On sababo kala duwan u qaybsan yahay: dibadeed (ogeed iyo ka iman kara) iyo gudaha (makaanikada, kaamerada, electromagnetic, nuclear, cuf). tamarta electromagnetic waxaa markeeda kala qaybiyey magnetic iyo korontada iyo nuclear - isdhexgalka tamarta daciif ah oo xoog badan.

ogeed

Kasta oo jidhka dhaqaaqin kala duwanaayeen joogitaanka tamarta ogeed. Waxaa inta badan loo yaqaan - wadidda. tamarta ee jirka oo dhaqdhaqaaqa, waxaa laga badiyay marka hoos gaabis. Sidaas darteed, si degdeg ah xawaaraha, tamarta more ogeed.

Marka xiriirka ee jirka u dhaqaaqo shay taagan ka qayb la soo dhaafay of tamarta ogeed lagu kala qaado, oo waxay u horseeddaa in mooshin. formula tamarta ogeed waa sida soo socota:

• E _in = MV ^2: 2,
  halkaas oo m - mass jidhka, v - xawaaraha ah ee dhaqdhaqaaqa jidhka.

In erayadii formula this lagu sheegi karaa sida soo socota: tamarta ogeed shay waa loo siman yahay si wax soo saarka qeybtii ay mass iyo square ee ay xawaare.

ka iman kara

Noocan ah tamarta leeyihiin jirka ah, kuwaas oo duurka mid ka mid ah ciidamada. Sayidka, magnetic soo baxdo marka shayga waa sarkhaansan beer magnetic. jidhkooda oo dhan waa on dhulka, waxay leeyihiin tamarta iman kara gravitational.

Iyada oo ku xidhan daraasadda of sifooyinka alaabta laga yaabaa in ay leeyihiin noocyada kala duwan ee tamarta. Sidaas darteed, jirka oo adkeysi iyo laastikada kuwaas oo awood u kala leeyihiin tamarta laastikada ama xiisad. jirka kasta oo dhacaysa, ayaa horay u go'an, lumiya iman kara iyo keensataa tamarta ogeed. Qiimaha labadan noocyada noqon doonaa dhigma. In berrinkii formula tamarta gravitational dhulkeenna noqon doonaa sida soo socota:

• E _n = mhg,
  halkaas oo m - miisaanka jidhka; h - height of xarunta of mass jirka heer ka sarreeya eber, g - dardargelinta ee cuf.

In erayadii formula this lagu sheegi karaa sida soo socota: tamarta imaan karta shay in macaamila Dhulka, waa wax soo saarka ee ay mass, dardargelinta sabab u maamuusaan oo sarajooggeeduna wuxuu at kaas oo uu ku yaal.

Tani tiro scalar waa dhibic sifo wax reserve tamarta (jirka), oo ku yaalla beerta ku iman kara xoog iyo fidinayo si ay u bartaan tamarta ogeed shuqulka duurka ciidanka. Mararka qaarkood loo yaqaan shaqo ah wadataa, oo waa erey ee nidaamka langranzhiane (Lagrange function nidaamka firfircoon). Nidaamka wuxuu qeexayaa wada.

tamar ku imaan karta waa u dhigantaa in eber febwari qaar ka mid ah meydadka amro in meel bannaan oo. Configurable goostay nolasha xisaabinta dheeraad ah oo loo yaqaan "caadi ah tamarta iman kara."

Law of ilaalinta tamarta

Mid ka mid ah caqiidada ugu aasaasiga ah ee physics waa sharciga ku saabsan ilaalinta ee tamarta. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, tamarta ma kici soo baxay meel oo uusan baabi'i. Waxaa si joogto ah guuro mid ka mid foomka si kale. In si kale loo dhigo, oo keliya isbedelka tamarta dhacdaa. Tusaale ahaan, tamarta kiimikada ee batari toosh la beddelay tamarta korontada, iyo ka - iftiinka iyo kulaylkii. qalabka korontada kala duwan yihiin diinta iftiinka, kulaylka ama dhawaaqa. Xaaladaha intooda badan, natiijada dhamaadka isbedelka yihiin kulaylka iyo iftiin. Ka dib markii in, tamarta galaa meel ku wareegsan.

Xeerka Energy sharxi kara badan ifafaale jirka. Qubarada ayaa sheegaya in mugga guud ee ay si joogta ah ee caalamka ayaa weli joogto ah. Qofna ma abuuri karaan ama tamarta mar baabbi'in. Soo saaridda mid ka mid ah noocyada kala duwan ee ay, ay dadku u isticmaalaan tamarta shidaalka oo biyo ah ka dhicin, eb ah. Sayidka mid ka mid ah noociisa ah waxaa beddelay kale.

In 1918, saynisyahano ahaayeen si ay u caddeeyaan in sharciga ilaalinta tamarta waa ciqaab xisaabeed dhabanada translational waqti awoodi - rimay qiimaha tamarta. In si kale loo dhigo, tamarta conserved sababtoo ah sharciyada of physics aadan kala duwan wakhtiyo kala duwan.

Features tamarta

Energy - Waa awoodda jidhka ee uu shaqada u qabto. In nidaamka jirka u xiran yihiin waxaa la fulinayaa wakhtiga oo dhan (ilaa nidaamka xiran yahay) iyo ka dhigan tahay mid ka mid ah saddex integrals daro mooshin Dhawrista qiimaha markii baabuur-wadidda. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah: tamar, dardar, dardar. hordhaca ah ee fikirka ah "tamarta" waa mid waxtar leh marka nidaamka jirka waa dhqaalaha wakhtiga.

Tamarta gudaha ee jirkooda

Waxay ka dhigan tahay wadarta ah tamartaa ah isdhexgalka kelli iyo mooshin kaamerada of taagoo waxaa dhismaha. Waxa aan la qiyaasi karin, si toos ah, sababtoo ah waa shaqo gaar ah ee gobolka nidaamka. Mar kasta oo nidaamka waa in gobolka this, ay tamar gudaha ayaa qiimaha asalka ah, iyadoo aan loo eegin taariikhda nidaamka. Isbeddelka ee tamarta gudaha ee guurka ka mid gobolka jirka kale mar walba waa loo siman yahay si faraqa u dhexeeya qiimaha gobolada ay final iyo bilowga ah.

Tamarta gudaha ee gaaska

Waxa intaa dheer in cunnooyinka adkaha ah, gaasas iyo tamarta yihiin. Waa tamarta ogeed kulaylka (random) mooshinka qayb nidaamka, taas oo ka mid ah atamka, taagoo, electrons, xuduntii. Tamarta gudaha ee gaaska kahyraadka (gaaska model xisaabeed) waa wadarta tamarta ogeed qayb ka ay. Tani waxay xisaabta ku tirada degrees xorriyadda, taas oo tirada doorsoomayaal madax bannaan, taas oo loo go'aamiyo booska uu ka taagoo in meel bannaan oo.

Isticmaalka tamarta

Sannad kasta, aadanaha ayaa gubaya tamarta iyo aad u badan. Xaaladaha intooda badan, si ay u helaan tamarta looga baahan yahay nalalka iyo kulaylinta our guryaha, baabuurta iyo hawlgalka habab kala duwan, Consort lafo isticmaalo sida dhuxusha, saliidda iyo gaasta. Waxay yihiin khayraad non-cusboonaysiin karo.

Nasiib darro, kaliya qayb yar oo ka tamar soo saaray caalamka iyadoo la isticmaalayo khayraadka la cusboonaysiin karo sida biyaha, dabaysha iyo qorraxda. Si aad u taariikhda, oo ay share xoog yahay oo kaliya 5%. Kale 3% dadka hesho qaab tamarta nukliyeerka saaray Quwadda Nuclearka.

khayraadka Non-cusboonaysiin karo leeyihiin kaydka socda (joules)

• tamarta nukliyeerka - 2 x 10 ^24;
• tamarta oo ka mid ah gaasta iyo saliidda - 2 × 10 ^23;
• kululeeyo gudaha meeraha - 5 x ^{20 October.}

Qiimaha sannadlaha ah oo ka mid ah khayraadka la cusboonaysiin karo dhulka:

• tamarta qorraxda - 2 x ^{24 October,}
• Wind - 6 x ^{21 October,}
• River - 6.5 × 10 ^19;
• baddu - 2.5 x ^{23 October.}

Kaliya la kala guurka waqtigii ka kaydka tamarta non-cusboonaysiin karo aadanaha cusboonaysiin karo dhulka ayaa fursad u ah nolosha farxad iyo cimri dherer on dhulkeenna. Si loo fuliyo horumarinta sare ee saynisyahano oo dunida ku sii wadaan in ay si taxadar leh u bartaan sifooyinka kala duwan ee tamarta.