Emma Goldman - dhaqdhaqaaqe siyaasadeed, qaswadayaasha ah: Biography, buugaagta, dacaayad ah anarchism iyo haweenka

Emma Gold aqoonsan yahay madaxa boqorada Edgardom FBI Guverom "naagtii ugu khatarta badan ee America." Waa tuma? Waa maxay sababta, iyada waxaa la siiyey naaneesta ah ee Krasnaya Emma? Iyo sida ay u saameeyeen ayaa dilka madaxweynaha American? All this si faahfaahsan ee maqaalka.

dhalashada

Emma Goldman ku dhashay Russia, dheeraad ah si hufan ka Empire Ruush ah. Waxay ku dhalatay Lithuania, in Kaunas, June 27, 1869. Maanta, magaalada waxaa loo yaqaan Kaunas. waalidkeed tixgeliyo yar ganacsade Yuhuudda, waxay ka kooban dhagax yar, taas oo u adeegi jireen sida isha jiritaankooda. Marka Emma ahayd 13 sano jir, qoyska u dhaqaaqay St. Petersburg.

In caasimadda waqtiga careysan nolosha kacaan, ka soo gaartay laba argagixisada ismiidaamin ah lagu dilay Tsar Alexander II. Soo jiidashada leh fikrado kacaan ka dibna loo arkaa dheeldheel moodada dhallinyarada. Waxa ay ahayd in sannadahan, fikradaha sida "qaadsiin" Emma.

haajirid ugu horeeyay ee Maraykanka

At 17, Emma ayaa u haajiray Maraykanka. In Rochester (NY) bilaabay ka shaqeeya warshad dhar ah. In 1887 ay guursatay shaqaalaha oo helay muwaadinimada. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ruuxa caasiyoobay sameeyey laftiisa dareemay, iyadu bartay oo ku saabsan afarta xigano deldelay ka qayb rabshad ee Chicago, oo markiiba go'aansaday inuu ku biiro dhaqdhaqaaqa qaswadayaasha ah.

views siyaasadeed

Ilaa iyo hadda, dad badan ku mashquulsan yihiin hal su'aal: waxa wacdiyey Emma Goldman - anarchism, anarcho-wadaag, anarcho-shaqsiyaddeenna, anarcho-haweenka? waa jawaab ma. Emma ahaa mid ka mid ah kuwa si dhab ah u rumaysan in ay hadafyada ay dureri dhexdeeda dimuqraadiyadda, dimuqraadiyadda. anarchism in, in ay view, muujiyey xorriyadda xagga fikradda, wacyiga, hadalka. Its cadaadinayaan qaabka adag ee gobolka dhexe, kaas oo loogu talo galay oo kaliya in ay yuubnaa, dulmin fasalada qaar ka mid ah aawadood oo ah kuwa kale. Laakiin feature ee kala ah "Red Emma" waxay ahayd in ay ma yaqaan si uu u dhinto "fikradood oo wanaagsan oo mustaqbalka." On lid ku ah, iyada jecel yahay nolosha, jeclaaday iimaanka inuu isbedel mustaqbalka. cadaawayaasheedii waa Kuwuu nolosha ma waxay ahayd qiimaha ugu weyn.

Ma Emma waxaa kacaan ah?

Ilaa iyo hadda, qaar ka mid ah publicists iyo suxufiyiinta weydiin su'aal: Ma jiraan wax kacaan Emma ahaa? Ma xalaal ah in ay iyada ku bilowday soo baxay 1917 ee Russia on doon duug ah wasakh ah? Haddii aad u falanqeeyaan views si dhow ula siyaasadeed ee arrimaha kuwaas oo aan la yaab leh. dhaqdhaqaaqe siyaasadeed Emma ka shisheeya oo dhan image caadiga ah kacaan ah. Waxa ugu weyn ee ku jira - si ay isu quusin in fikradda ah mustaqbal wanaagsan in fikradda ah kacaanka. Waa inuusan wax ka mid ah waxyaabaha ay xiiseeyaan, dareenka lahayn, arrimaha lahayn, ku lifaaqan ma. Xitaa riyooyin leeyihiin kacaan a waa in ay ahaataa dhalashada labaad ee ujeeddooyinka uuraysatay oo kaliya. Waa wax caadi ah in uu waa in aan shaki daqiiqad in inuu naftiisa waayo, hadafyada dhalaalaya mustaqbalka.

Emma ayaa sidoo kale waxa uu leeyahay aragti duwan. Waxay la ixtiraamo oo la Wadaajinaysaan aragtiyaha Revolution Ruush: Mikhail Bakunin, Sergeya Nechaeva, Nikolaya Ogarova. Laakiin Emma isku mid ma ahayn iyaga la maanka nuugista guud ee fikradda kacaan. Waxaan aaminsanahay in fikirrada oo kale waa ka fikirka kuwa baangiga jooga weyn ee Wall Street, kaas oo sidoo kale si buuxda u Hawiyaha ee uu shaqada ka fiirsato faa'iidada lahayn kala duwan. Maxaad adigu ka qaadid ee galmada, hal-abuurka, farxad nolosha ee kacaanka? Aan la dhisayo mustaqbal wanaagsan yahay? Haddaba maxaad haatan allabari?

Emma dareemay in aan farxad nin beddelin biorobot in xoolaha ee axmaqnimada ah, taas oo keentay in la laayo ee gool dahsoon mustaqbalka. saaxiibadeed waa kuwa sida ay diiday in ay allabari aawadood iyo ab ka dhalaalaya mustaqbalka. Waxaas oo dhan soo jeedinaya su'aal dabiiciga ah ka mid ah: in Emma ahayd si dhab ah kacaan? Ama waxay ahayd oo kaliya wakiil ah koox dadka mustaqbalka ku yeelan doonto magaca "bulshada rayidka ah"?

dagaal Emma

Emma Goldman ma u diriray fikradda aan la taaban karin ee "dhisidda mustaqbal wanaagsan", iyo waxyaalaha aad u fahmi karo iyo mid caadi ah in la tixgeliyo dhex kacaan qaswadayaasha ah American aan qiimo lahayn, wax dhibah mooyee, waayo xorriyadda galmada, dib u habaynta ee hay'adda guurka, baxsi ah ee qasabka ah iyo kuwa kale.

maamulka US ma fiirsan waxay u dallici non-qorista "wax dhibah mooyee", sanadkii 1917 wuxuu ahaa dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka. xulafadooda US caawiyo ma aha oo kaliya qalab iyo taageero farsamo, laakiin sidoo kale u soo diray inuu hore ee Colkiisii. Caadiga ah Americans aan diyaar u yihiin inay dagaal u bixi, fikradda ah Caasinimadooda iyo horistaagida racfaanka helay codsiga wax ku ool ah. Sidaa darteed hawlaha Emma in muddo this waqti loo tixgeliyaa halis ah. In 1917, iyada iyo soo xigano si kale oo badan oo u soo diray inuu Russia, halkaas oo waqti in mar hore ku qaadeen October Weyn Kacaanka.

Sabayn ka fog Maraykanka doon ah oo raadinaya meel fog ka ee Taallada Liberty, Emma yidhi, "Oo dalkan ku faraxsan tahay xorriyadda hadalka, aragtida madax banaan, laakiin waxaan la masaafurin, waxaa ka."

Imaanshaha ee Russia

Waddada lagu gaarayo dalka waxyoonay Emma. Waxay tixgeliyo Soviet Russia hormartay dalka, kaas oo waa in ay muujiyaan dunida tusaale. Waxa kale oo uu noqon lahaa haddii sida boqortooyadiisa awood Ruush ah oo ka hooseeya foori oo ka mid ah ciidamada kacaan burburay, inta kale ee dalka gaar ahaan ha hor istaagina. Ma Emma ogaa gobolka dhabta ah ee arrimaha ee Soviet Russia, aadeen doon ah? Lama yaqaan. Waqtigaa, Lenin iyo Bolsheviks ah ayaa muddo dheer taagnaa oo dhan marka laga reebo ciidamada kacaan ka qabtay awooda, oo waxaa loo diray xabsiga xigano badan iyo kacaan bulshada. Waxa uu mar hore bilaabay "ugaadhsiga" ee uu la shaqayn jiray xubnaha xisbiga ee garabka Menshevik ah.

Shirkii Lenin

Emma Goldman kulmay kacaan qaar ka mida dalka. Waxaan u safray xataa booqan qaswadayaasha ah ee Nestor Makhno, laakiin waxay si gaar ah kulan ula V. I. Leninym xusuustay. Waxaa gabi ahaanba beddelay aragti ah ee Emma Red si Revolution Ruush ah. Emma iyo Vladimir Ilyich ma midba midka kale jeclaan. Hogaamiyaha kacaanka Ruush ah oo aan ka fikiray, waxa ku saabsan, laakiin "naagtii ugu khatarta badan America ee," fikirka ah iyada dhif ah, laakiin la-galyadeena xun. Emma dareemay in kacaanka dunida siiyey tusaale ka mid ah dimuqraadiyadda, xorriyadda hadalka, diinta, iwm Si kastaba ha ahaatee, erayada Lenin ayaa gabi ahaanba beddelay view this :. Lenin kulanka ayaa sheegay in waxan oo dhan ayaa kaliya ganacsade nacaybka.

Dhab ahaantii, hogaamiyaha Bolshevik ah, abbaaro ayaa sheegay in dhacdooyinka lagu hoobtay ee dalka, ma aha oo kaliya ma hagaajiyo xaaladda shaqaalaha oo dhan, laakiin, on lid ku ah, ka sii dari kaliya. Cabsi iyo cabsi - kuwanu waa hadafyada ugu muhiimsan ee nolol cusub. Dabcan, in Emma ma uu qaadi karin this. Waxay markii dambe ku qoray of Lenin in "inuu yaqaano sida loo ciyaaro on jilicsanaanta sasabasho ah aadanaha, abaalmarinta iyo bilado. Waxaan ku hadhay ku qanacsanahay in uu qabsan karo, ka dib markii qorshahooda in laga takhaluso iyaga ka mid ah. " Waxay ahayd niyad jab a iyo Lenin, iyo hadafyada of Revolution Ruush ah.

masaafurinta dib

In 1921, waxaa jiray wax wada socda: Emma doon meeshii ay ka soo hore u soo tarxiilay diray - oo dalka Mareykanka ah. Sababta waa isku mid, oo iyana waxay diiday in ay sii xasilloon.

In 1924 ayay la daabacay buugga "My jabka ee Russia." Waxay muujinaysaa sida naagtan ahaa daacad ah, oo kaliya runta ka hadlo, waxaa siyaasad ahaan aan ku hawlan. Qofna ma laga yaabaa inay musuqmaasuq, ilaaliyaan qof danaha. Indeed, marka hore waxa uu ahaa kor u qaadida anarchism oo dalka Mareykanka ah. Ka dib markii la soo tarxiilay in Russia, iyadu ma ay la Dagaalami waydeen "decadent West." On lid ku ah, maxaa yeelay, xaalad xitaa ka sii daran dadka Russia ka dib markii kacaanka, waxay bilowday inay difaacaan mabaadi'da dimoqraadiyadda ee West ah, iyada oo dib u soo diray.

muuqaalka kore ee buugga "My jabka ee Russia" ayay ajanabi uga noqdeen saaxiibo badan iyada, garabka bidix. Emma ma daryeesho. Waxa ugu weyn ee, iyadu u maleeyeen - dadka runta u sheegto, ka dibna, waxa Ma waxaad u rumaysatay. Si naftooda iyo dadka kale khiyaanayn aawadood oo ah daqiiqad doorbidka ayaan ahaa iyada style.

Dilka of McKinley

saffarro Emma ayaa loo arkaa iyada lug toos ahayn in dilka madaxweynaha Maraykanka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, wax badan oo iswaafaqla'aan sheekada.

25-Madaxweynaha Maraykanka William McKinley dhintay on September 14, 1901. The version rasmiga ah waa sida soo socota: madaxa gobolka oo aan laga maarmi waayay in cawaaqibka dilka. September 5, 1901, "ka dib markii la dhageysto khudbadaha ololaysa Emma Goldman," qaswadayaasha ah qiiro Leon Frank Leon Czolgosz toogtay labo jeer Exhibition Pan-American Madaxweynaha ee Buffalo.

kadis la yaab leh

Dilka Madaxweynaha Maraykanka ee 1901 ma aha sidaas u fudud.

Waa midda koowaade, ilaalinta hawlaha jaha. First, shaqaalaha ayaa sheegay in aan la ogaaday dadka ay ka shakiyaan. Markaas reading isbedel: Leon Czolgosz koritaanka wayn kabalyeeri madow, kuwaas oo u muuqday iyaga khatar istaagay. Markaas sababta aadan waxay ogaadeen in hubka ee gacmaha qaswadayaasha ah isaga kula hadlo? By habka, tani waa kabalyeeri ka Kipury Leon Czolgosz afuufaan madaxa la feedh shot labaad oo ka dambaysay.

Second, ka xujo ah dhacdooyinka mustaqbalka. ma Madaxweynaha kolkiiba ma aha dhiman. Intaa waxaa dheer, saaxiibada iyo qaraabada uu sheegay in uu ku noolaan doono, waa gobalada dalka. September 13, 1901-saxaafadeed qaylo ah uuga in McKinley bilaabeen in ay cunaan cuntada adag, ugu dhakhsaha badan wuu bogsanayaa, iyo September 14, Madaxweynaha si lama filaan ah u dhintay.

uu dhintay ka dib, oo wuxuu noqday ku simaha Madaxweynaha Teodor Ruzvelt, taas oo ah tallaabo kama madaxweynaha xanuunsan tago. Wax yar ka dib, inuu noqon doono qofka ugu horeeya ee gobolka.

dhaqdhaqaaqa siyaasadeed ee la soo dhaafay Emma

Sidaas oo ay this Emma Goldman? Biography naagtan siinayaa Faracoodii in la fahmo waxa ay tahay - tusaale oo nool oo fikrado dulqaadashada, xukummo. Dhammaan dadka sannadihii la soo dhaafay in ay baddalaan fikradahooda ku aaddan waxyaabaha qaar, statements, waxaa ka fiirsaneysa inay tabar haatan, saw, iyo kuwa kale. Emma ma aha in mudo ah joogsadeen in ay aaminsan yihiin hadafyada ay xitaa marka ceeboobeen in Revolution Ruush ah. Isaga oo sano ee ugu dambeysay iyada oo sidoo kale nafteeda u huray in halganka siyaasadeed, ee 1936, ayaa u safray Spain si ay u taageeraan xigano Spanish ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye dhinaca dowladda Jamhuuriga.

More nool, waxay dalkiisa labaad ma soo noqon doono. May 14, 1940 Emma Geeriyooday haemorrhage maskaxda. Her niyadda inuu soo aaso kubad dhow soo xigano ee Chicago, maxaa yeelay, kuwaas oo bilaabay in ay halgan for bulsho fiican.