Plutonium-238:-soo-saarka ee Russia, sawir, astaamaha, codsiga

Plutonium-238 - walax aad u halis. Waxa loo isticmaalaa in dhismaha walxaha bannaan iyo abuurista bambooyinka nukliyeerka. In warshadaha, waxaa soo saaray oo kaliya in tigoodu nuclear. Ka hor inta perestroika in USSR ah, Maraykanka ku hawlan soo saarka ee isotopes on dhulkeeda.

wax soo saarka Plutonium-238 Maraykanka

Si loo soo saaro plutonium-238, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in ay fuliyaan aad waqti lumis iyo shaqada wasakh ahaa. 150 kg ee plutonium lahaa oo dhan 50 kun oo weelasha qashinka dhammeeyey. Madaxweynaha Gorbachev Zaman deeqsinada Sharaf. Perestroika aqoonyahanada go'aansaday in ay ahayd qalad ah in qashin dhulka-American ah oo walaalo ah. Tan iyo 1988, plutonium-238 ee soo saaray oo kaliya in Russia.

In 1992, ururka-soo-saarka la odhan jiray "nalalka" ayaa saxiixay heshiis for sahayda in Maraykanka sida ugu badan shan kiiloogaraam oo ah maaddo loo yaqaan plutonium-238. Production ee Russia waxa uu ku yaalaa magaalada fog oo Ozersk, si fiican u yaqaan Chabrovsk-40. Faa'iido ka heshiiskan waxaa lagu qiyaasaa 6 million. Inta ay plutonium soo saaray ku filnaan doonto in uu ordo 3 ilaa 6 satalayt la rakibo nuclear. cilmi badan ayaa waxay aaminsan yihiin in dhammaan furayey sida of America ka dib burburkii Midowga Soofiyeeti waxaa soo saaray oo kaliya in Russia isotope.

Iskaashiga ama meanness?

In qarnigii 20aad waxaa jiray fadeexad yar, laakiin weli la taaban karo. Xaqiiqada ah in Maraykanka uu isticmaalo satalayt la rakibo nuclear for basaasayeen Russia. Waxay la sameeyey isotope isla Ruush. In kasta oo in, wax soo saarka ee plutonium-238 aan la joojin, iyo saadka ay u Mareykanka sii. Intaa waxaa dheer, sida ugu horreysa ee 2003 inta u dhaxaysa shirkadda "TENEX" Ruush iyo wakiilka Mareykanka ahaa ee qandaraaska lagu siiyay isotope dioxide this.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka plutonium-238, kuwaas oo lagu qaaday gayiga Russia, ma dherjin ku kacsi American. Ka dib oo dhan, States u baahan tahay si ay u bilaabaan horumarinta difaaca gantaalaha ee bannaan. Sidaas daraaddeed waxay ku go'aansadeen in ay dib-u-bilaabaan wax soo saarka ee isotopes at.

Sababaha soo saarka isotope America

si ay u horumariyaan barnaamijka isotope waxaa loogu talagalay Mareykanka muddo 30 sannadood ah, inta lagu guda jiro taas oo ahayd in ay soo saaraan oo ku saabsan 158 kg oo ah walaxda this khatar ah. Labada warbaahinta Ruush ah iyo kuwa shisheeye lahaa in ay bixiyaan si ay xaqiiqada ah in this dhacaya markii ugu horeysay ka dib markii dhamaadkii dagaalkii qaboobaa Maraykanka dareenka. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bilowga-soo-saarka la xiriira codsiyada military suurto gal Maraykanka in meel bannaan oo dibadda ah. Waxa aanu ku dar isjacayl iyo xaqiiqda ah in bilowga saarka waqtiga isotope ah la kulmeen olole caalami ah horumarinta difaaca gantaalaha.

dal oo kala duwan, qiimaha kala duwan

Waxa xiiso leh in ka yar shuruudaha heshiiska shirkadda "TENEX" qiimaha Ruush muddo hal kilo of isotope waa $ 1 million. Iyadoo America boqol jeer u qoondaysaa badan oo ku saabsan plutonium-238. Production in Russia waagaas oo dhan ka dhacay qiimaha tuuray - sida gabagabo niyad jab. In bulshada Ruush fikrado kala duwan oo ku saabsan sida "iskaashi" Maraykanka. Wakaaladda Federaalka ee Atoomikada aaminsan yihiin in iibka waa kuwan kasta faa'iido iyo lagama maarmaan u ah dhaqaalaha. Waxaa intaa dheer, Russia iibin karaan plutonium-238 ee 32 dal oo dunida ah. Maxaa sharxayaa baahida this iyo sababta isotope this?

Plutonium-238: codsiga

Dhab ahaantii, isotope tani waa byproduct ah plutonium-239. Oo isna wuxuu, markeeda, waa qayb weyn ee halabuurka ah ee hubka nukliyeerka. In xilligii dagaalkii qaboobaa, taas oo sabab u ahayd tartanka meesha bannaan ee, kooxda qaar ka mid ah waxa uu ahaa mid aad u raaxo leh. Tusaale ahaan, plutonium-239 soo saaray South Carolina si ay u dhisaan bambooyinka nukliyeerka. Oo waxaa la siiyey a by-saarka, waayo wax soo saarka ee satalayt iyo probes. Marka soo saaraha ah ee South Carolina loo yaqaan "Savannah River" ayaa la xiray, US waxay bilaabeen inay iibsadaan isotope ee Russia.

Plutonium-238 - shidaalka ugu fiican ee loo isticmaalo cilmi-bannaan. Its shucaaca tahay shucaac. Laakiin, halka qalab kale, isotope waa mid yara nabdoon. Tusaale ahaan, plutonium-238 waxaa inta badan ku lifaaqan ee dhagaxyada ah iridium. Waxay iska Ifto cas, oo waxay keeni badan oo kulaylka. Iyadoo dhagaxyada iridium hayn daacadnimada isotope waa ammaan. dhagaxyada ah ayaa la dhigay in matoor gaar ah in kor loogu qaado diinta kulaylka koronto. Iyada oo ay taasi meel satalayt weli sahaminta meel barxadaha furan, sababtoo ah geeddi-socodka lagu abuurayo korontada sidan socon karaa muddo tobannaan sano oo dhan.

kaydka maanta ee plutonium-238

In warbixino badan, kaydka adduunka walax this waxaa si degdeg ah hoos. Recently weriyey Maraykanka Nature daabacday maqaal yar taas oo NASA ayaa hadda ka tagay oo kaliya 35 isotope kg. Oo sidii shidaalka loo isticmaali karaa, kaliya kala bar lacagta this total. Socdaalkan waxa uu qorsheeyay in Mars horay u qaadato 5 kg ee PU-238. Russia ayaa sidoo kale hadda ma sii iibiya isotope this. Waxaa laga yaabaa in aan, sidoo kale, waxa uu soo baxeen.

khatarta Musiibo isticmaalka isotope

Ma muddo dheer ka hor, ciidamada Maraykanka ayaa hoos u toogtay satellite meel. Waxaan sameeyey this Xaamid si looga hortago in ay ku dhacaan caasiyoobay. Pentagon ayaa sheegay in satellite ah oo miisaankeedu yahay 5 tan oo kala firdheen, saddex kun oo gogo 'badan Badweynta Pacific. Mid kasta oo ka jajabkii ee size ahaa qiyaas ahaan u dhigma kubada cagta ah. On guddiga spyware satellite ahaa oo ku saabsan 500 kg hydrazine - gano taas oo uu leeyahay sumoobo sare. Oo waxaa jiray xaddi gaar ah oo ka mid ah isotope plutonium-238 - tirooyinka dhabta ah ma aha Pentagon ayaa sheegay.

Halista-aadmiga oo dhan

Laakiin dhab ahaantii, mid ka mid ah hanjabaad ugu khatarta badan inaan dunida oo dhan waa isotope ku plutonium-238. Astaamaha waa sida in kaliya 450 garaam oo wax this keeni karaa kansarka oo dhan ah aadanaha. The bar-nolosha ee plutonium-238 waxay ku saabsan tahay 90 sano. Sidaas waa maxay kuwanu "kubadaha cagta" noqon doonaa waqti dheer in la sumeeyo ee caalamka iyo dadka degganba.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, tani ma aha ugu horeysay taariikhda ee weerar nuclear ka meel dibadda ah. All Time Space Research 49 satalayt ayaa bilaabay ka xarumaha nukliyeerka. 36 ka mid ah waxa socda Russia iyo Midowga Soofiyeeti, 13 - Mareykanka. Haddaba kastana falagiisuu dhex at sare ah ee u dhexeeya 800 iyo 1,000 kilometers yihiin 50 satalayt la jajabkii nuclear. Inuu ka tago ma Wiilashii aadanaha sida a "tagay" dhimasho nuclear, Ph.D. Hussein Chechenov soo jeedinayaa si ay ugu bedesho plutonium-238 khatar yar uranium-235.

Khatarta, nasiib wanaag, maray Ruushka

In dayrta ee 2016 horeba la filayey dayrta ee satellite ah American loo yaqaan UARS, kaas oo, by kadis ku faraxsan yahay, duulay ee la soo dhaafay. La filayo qaar ka mid ah wax taariikhaha dhacaya - marka hore waxa ay ahayd on 17 September, ka dibna - 23. In wararka, waayo, wax kasta oo sababaha, ma dhihin ma ahan dhab ahaantii xataa satellite ah, laakiin qarax dhab ah nuclear. Inta badan, tani waxaa lagu sameeyey si aanay u faafin argagaxa dadka. Ka dib markii satellite waxaa ka buuxsamay plutonium-238. Photos of shay bannaan ee soo jeedinaya in UARS size dhigma inay ku dheganaadaan size.

Sida laga soo xigtay saadaashii NASA, oo wuxuu lahaa oo ah inuu dhaco ee bartamaha Russia. Haddii ay dhab ahaantii dhacay, dhowr maalmood gudahood ah oo ku saabsan 300 kun. Dadka Moscow dhinto ka barar sambabada. UARS laakiin sabab qaar ka mid ah waxaan joogay oo dhulkay ku dhaceen oo kaliya on 24 September, hartay galay badda u dhow Kanada. Pu-238 waxa ay ku jirtay oo ku saabsan 30 kg. Kanada ma aha markii ugu horeysay booqanaya satellite ah meel dilaaga ah. markii ugu horeysay ee dowladda u suurtagashay in ay hoos u wax soo dhowaanayso on hab si qaaradda, iyo waxa uu sidoo kale badda ku dhacay.