Dissociation oo ka mid ah cusbada, acids iyo alkalis. Aragtida iyo codsiga wax ku ool ah

Waayo, Physical Chemistry iyo Kiimikada noole habka caadiga ah guud ahaan taas oo particulate arrinta - taagoo, udhigo (qayb ka wanaagsan oo lagu eedeeyay yeedhay siifilisku iyo qayb xun oo lagu eedeeyay, loo yaqaan anions) xag muuq beelayo galay qayb ka yar. Nidaamkan waxaa loo yaqaan dissociation, taas oo ah Latin for "dissociation" waxaa loola jeedaa "-soociddiisa." Waxaa lagu gartaa tilmaamayaasha sida "degree of dissociation", taas oo muujinaysa ratio of Qurub-socodyo in tirada guud ee qayb ka hor burburkii, ie, jajabka qayb ka yihiin in burburtay. Geedi socodka ah ee burbur of qayb ka dhici kara iyada oo sababtu tahay falalka qaarkood walaxda, nooca saamaynta kuwaas oo go'aamisa nooca dissociation. Kala dissociation kaamerada, photodissociation, dissociation sarkhaansan yihiin shucaaca ionizing, dissociation electrolytic. Dissociation yahay mid kasoo horjeeda ururka iyo recombination. Nidaamkan waxaa inta badan khaldin ionization.

dissociation Electrolytic waa nooc ka mid ah dissociation, dhacdaa sarkhaansan taagoo dareeraha iyo orso oo kala horjeeda dabeecad kiimikada. Muqaadaraadka oo beri karaa in dareeraha ah galay udhigo iyo qaban qulqul koranto, loo yaqaan elektrolytka (acid, cusbo, saldhig). Muqaadaraadka oo markii diri ma beri galay udhigo (alcohols, esters, carbohydrates, iwm) ma aha electrolytes. The electrolytes ugu muhiimsan ee dareeraha - biyaha. laftiisa Water waxaa lagu gartaa sida elektrolytka daciif ah. qase Polar (tus, ethanol, ammonia iyo acetic acid) ayaa sidoo kale awood u kala diridda electrolytes ah. Dissociation ee acids, alkalis, sida dissociation ee cusbada dhaca xal aqueous. The cusbada ah - fasalka this of kiimiko ah, kuwaas oo u taagoo ka kooban yihiin qayb ka wanaagsan oo lagu eedeeyay (siifilisku bir), oo qayb ka xun soo oogay (hadhay anion acid). cusbada waxaa dheer Acid, ka duwan cusbada caadiga ah waxay ka kooban yihiin laba nooc oo siifilisku (biraha iyo hydrogen) iyo intii ka hadhay anion acid. Marka kala diri biyo u taagoo cawisa on udhigo Cusbada leh. cusbo waxaa la soo kabsaday karo uumi biyaha.

Kala saaro electrolytes xooggan iyo mid itaal. In ka classical aragti of dissociation electrolytic habka loo aqoonsan yahay loo arkaa karo, laakiin bayaankan khuseysaa oo keliya in ay electrolytes daciif ah in xal lagu milo. dissociation An electrolytic ee acids, saldhigyada, cusbada, waxa weeye geedi socod karin, tan iyo cusbo (dhammaan adag gaar ah marka laga reebo), acids iyo saldhigyadii (kuwa la aasaasay la Biraha dhulka alkali iyo cawaaqib xumadoodu) waa electrolytes xoog leh oo u taagoo ee xal daciif ah si buuxda (100 %)-socodyo galay udhigo. electrolytes Strong: NaCl (sodium chloride), HNO3 (nitric acid), HClO3 (chloric acid), CaCl2 (calcium chloride), NaOH (sodium hydroxide). electrolytes daciif ah: NH4OH (hydroxide ammonium), H2CO3 (carbonic acid), CH3COOH (acetic acid) iyo inta badan acids organic iyo saldhigyadii. Waxay marka kala diri ee biyaha qayb beri karaa (caadi ahaan, qiimaha this u dhaxeysa 1 ilaa 10%).

Sidaa darteed, caddaynta in xalka of elektrolytka xoog leh ku jira udhigo oo keliya, iyo in xal of electrolytes daciif ah, inta badan u taagoo nondecomposed arrinta. Dissociation ee cusbada ah u keenaysaa in xaqiiqda ah in in xal ay ku jiraan ra'iyi biraha kaliya oo ka hadhay ah acid (tus, sodium Na + waxbarashada iyo anion chlorine Cl-) oo u taagoo nondecomposed (NaCl) waxay leeyihiin milix. Dissociation acid cusbada keenaysaa in formation ee xal of waxbarashada bir ah, waxbarashada hydrogen iyo intii ka hadhay anion acid. Tusaale ahaan, cusbo acid NaHCO3 (sodium bicarbonate) fogeeyay galay waxbarashada sodium ah (Na +), waxbarashada hydrogen (H) iyo anion ah oo ka hadhay acid acid carbonic (SO3-).

Haddii xalka (dhalaalid) meeleeyay elektrolytka cell electrolytic ah (weel la anode iyo cathode), marka danab waxaa laga codsadaa in ay bilaabaan dhaq jiho qayb eedeeyay in ay electrodes la'aan soo horjeeda: siifilisku wanaagsan - in cathode xun lagu soo eedeeyay, halka anions negative - in ay si togan eedeeyay anode. Tani waxay hanti ah ee electrolytes, gaar ahaan, dissociation cusbada caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo in farshaxanka. electrolysis waxaa lagu fuliyaa wax soo saarka warshadaha ee aluminium, copper (by turxaan electrolytic). Electrolysis saartaa walxaha saafi ah Ehelkeedu sida ma laga heli karaa habab kale (muxaadaro, crystallization, iyo kuwo kale). Iyadoo Biraha electrolysis ka senti bixiyay, nadiifiyaa, tan iyo cathode ee lagu shubo oo keliya waxbarashada biraha iyo nijaasta ah ku sii xal ama dhalaali. Arrin ku dissociation ee cusbada oo caddeynayaa saara hydrogen saafi ah oo chlorine saafi ah. In biyaha, chloride sodium waa giirte galay udhigo: waxbarashada sodium iyo anion chlorine. At anode ah loo qaybinayaa chlorine saafi ah cathode ah - hydrogen byproduct ah, iyo xal u dhisi doono byproduct kale oo muhiim ah - hydroxide sodium.