Dhismaha iyo shaqada DNA iyo RNA (Table)

Waxaa si fiican u la og yahay in nooc kasta oo arrinta ku nool, ka fayrusyada iyo soo afjaridda xayawaanka sare (oo ay ku jiraan aadanuhu) waxay leeyihiin qalab dhaxlo gaar ah. Waxa uu wakiil u taagoo of laba nooc oo acids nucleic: deoxyribonucleic iyo ribonucleic. Meelahaas waxaa walxaha organic encoded macluumaad la maray waalidka shaqsiyaadka farcankaaga ee dhalmo. In warqad this, waxaan ka baran sida dhismaha iyo shaqada DNA iyo RNA ee gacanta, iyo sidoo kale tixgelin habab in xambaarsan habka la isugu gudbiyo ee la iska dhaxlo guryaha ee arrinta ku nool.

Sida ka leexatay, sifooyinka acids nucleic, inkasta oo ay leeyihiin qaar ka mid ah qaababka caadiga ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, aad bay u dhexdooda. Sidaas daraaddeed waxaannu isbarbardhigaan fakshanada DNA iyo RNA by biopolymers kuwa fuliyay unugyada ka mid ah kooxaha kala duwan ee noolaha ah. Shaxda soo bandhigay warqad ay ku caawin doonaan inaad fahamto waxa kala asaasiga u dhaxeeya.

acids Nucleic - biopolymers adag

Daahfurtay berrinkii biology kelli ka dhacay horrantii qarnigii labaatanaad, gaar ahaan, qoraalka ee qaab dhismeedka of deoxyribonucleic acid, wadadii uu horumarinta Cytology casriga ah, genetics, bayotechnoolajiyadda iyo injineernimada hidaha. Marka laga eego dhnaca ee DNA chemistry organic iyo RNA waa walax sare kelli oo ka kooban cutubyada soo noqnoqda - monomers, sidoo kale loo yaqaan nucleotides. Waxaa la og yahay in ay isku xidhan si ay u sameeyaan wareeg ah oo awood u da'ayeen is-urur.

macromolecules DNA noocan oo kale ah ayaa inta badan la xiriira borotiinada gaar ah oo haysta guryaha gaar ah oo loo yaqaan histones. kaxeynayo Nucleoprotein sameeyaan dhismayaasha gaarka ah - nucleosomes, taas oo, ee jeedo, qayb ka mid ah koromosoom yihiin. acids Nucleic uga ahaato xagga xuduntii iyo cytoplasm unugyada, markaan joogo in ka kooban qaar ka mid ah organelles ay, sida mitochondria ama chloroplasts.

Qaab-dhismeedka aan ollogga ah ee hiddo maalkii

Si loo fahmo shaqo ee DNA iyo RNA, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la fahmo si faahfaahsan dhegyadii ay qaab-dhismeedka. Sida borotiinada, acids nucleic lagu gartaa heerarka kala duwan ee ururka of macromolecules. Dhismaha hoose waxaa wakiil silsilado polynucleotide, Sare iyo Jaamacadaha samouslozhnyayutsya qaabeynta timi iyada oo nooca xiriir covalent. doorka A gaar ah oo ku haynta qaabka aan ollogga ah ee u taagoo waxaa iska leh bonds hydrogen, der ciidamada Van Waals iyo isdhexgalka. Natiijadu waxay tahay dhismo laysku dhejiyey ee DNA, loo yaqaan superspiral.

Monomers nucleic acid

Dhismaha iyo shaqada DNA, RNA, borotiinada, iyo polymers kale organic ku xiran tahay labada on kooban oo tayo iyo tiroba of macromolecules ay. Labada nooc ee acids nucleic ka kooban yihiin xubno ka dhismaha loo yaqaan nucleotides. Sida aan ognahay ka koorsada of chemistry, qaab-dhismeedka of arrinta ay daruuri tahay saameyn ay shaqo. DNA iyo RNA waa laga reebo lahayn. Waxaa soo baxday in on Halabuurka nucleotide waxay ku xiran tahay qaab acid laftiisa iyo kaalinta uu ku leeyahay unugyada. monomer kasta wuxuu ka kooban yahay saddex qaybood: saldhig nitrogenous ah, carbohydrate ah oo ka hadhay reer orthophosphoric acid. Waxaa jira afar nooc oo ah saldhig nitrogenous ee DNA: adenayn, gu'anayn, thaymiin iyo saytosayn. In taagoo RNA, ay yihiin, siday u kala horreeyaan, adenayn, gu'anayn, saytosayn oo uracil. Carbohydrate wakiil noocyada kala duwan ee pentose. acid The ribonucleic waa ribose iyo in DNA - qaabka deoxygenated, loo yaqaan deoxyribose.

Features of deoxyribonucleic acid

First aynu eegno qaabka iyo shaqada DNA. RNA isagoo ah qaabeynta da'ayeen fudud, laga baari doonaa in qaybta xigta. Sidaas daraaddeed, laba qaybood polynucleotide waxaa la qabtaa inta u dhaxaysa a si joogta ah soo noqnoqda bonds hydrogen sameeyay inta u dhexeysa saldhig nitrogen ah. In labo ka mid ah "adenayn - thaymiin," waxaa jira labo, iyo in labo ka mid ah "gu'anayn - saytosayn" - saddex bonds hydrogen.

purine line Conservative iyo pyrimidine saldhigyada la ogaaday by E. Chargaff oo noqday kuwa loo yaqaan mabda'a complementarity. The nucleotides silsilad hal lala bonds phosphodiester in loo sameeyay dhexeeya ka hadhay pentose of acid orthophosphoric iyo nucleotides ku xiga. Foomka muquuninta labada silsiladood oo la hayo by bonds hydrogen dhaca u dhexeeya atamka hydrogen iyo oxygen in ay yihiin qayb ka mid ah nucleotides ah. Higher - dhismeedka jaamacadda (supercoil) - sifo waayo DNA ee nuclear unugyada eukaryotic. In foomkan oo waa hadiyad in chromatin ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, bakteeriyada iyo fayraska DNA kooban leeyihiin deoxyribonucleic acid aan la xidhiidha borotiinada. Waxaa la matalo foomka giraan-qaabeeya iyo waxa loo yaqaan plasmid ah.

Waxay leedahay DNA qaab isku mid ah mitochondria iyo chloroplasts - organelles, dhirta iyo unugyada xayawaanka. Haddaba, waxaan u ogaato, waxa farqiga u dhexeeya shaqada ah DNA iyo RNA. Shaxda hoose, na tusi kala duwan ee qaab-dhismeedka iyo sifooyinka acids nucleic.

ribonucleic acid

Britain RNA waxay ka kooban tahay hal strand polynucleotide ah (marka laga reebo dhismeedka double-ku xayiran ah fayrasyada qaarkood) in ay noqon kartaa labadaba xuduntii iyo cytoplasm ee gacanta. Waxaa jira dhawr nooc oo ah RNA in kala duwan oo u dhexeeya qaab-dhismeedka iyo guryaha. Sayidka, RNA Rasuul leeyahay miisaanka ugu sareeya kelli. Waxa uu ku dhexsameeysmo bu'da unugga in mid ka mid ah hiddo-ka. Hawsha MRNA - si ay u gudbiyaan warbixin ku saabsan ka kooban of protein ka xuduntii in cytoplasm ah. Gaadiidka foomka nucleic acid qabsadey borotiinada monomers - acids amino - oo iyaga ka samatabbixiyey goobta of biosynthesis.

Ugu dambeyntii, RNA ribosomal laga sameeyey nucleolus iyo ku lug leh Avv borotiinka. Sida aad arki karto, hawlaha DNA iyo RNA ee Dheef gacanta waa kala duwan oo aad u muhiim ah. Waxay ku xirnaan doontaa ugu horrayn on unugyada noolaha ku jira walxaha Britain ee hiddo. Sidaas daraaddeed, virus ribonucleic acid waxaa laga yaabaa side of macluumaad hidde, halka unugyada noolaha eukaryotic awoodda ay leedahay oo keliya deoxyribonucleic acid.

Function ee DNA iyo RNA ee jirka

In ay acid nucleic qiimaha, oo ay la socdaan borotiinka ku jira xeryahooda organic lagama maarmaanka ah. Waxay ilaalin lahaa iyo gudbiyaan sifooyinka dhaxlo iyo sifooyinka waalidka shaqsiyaadka farcankiis. Aan qeexo farqiga u dhexeeya kasta hawlaha kale ee DNA iyo RNA. Shaxda hoose waxay muujinaysaa kala duwanaanshaha si faahfaahsan.

Maxay yihiin astaamaha fayrusyada walax of hiddo?

Virus nucleic acid qaadan kartaa foomka of spirals hal iyo double-strand ama siddo labadaba. Sida laga soo xigtay soocidda D.Baltimora, walxaha kuwan qaybaha ku jira taagoo DNA oo ka kooban hal ama laba wareeggeedii. Kooxdu waxay ugu horeysay ka mid wareer ah ee herpes iyo adenoviruses, iyo tan labaad waxaa ka mid ah, tusaale ahaan, parvovirus.

Shaqooyinka fayrusyada DNA iyo RNA ka kooban yahay in lays macluumaad hidde u gaar ah galay gacanta, reactions taranka taagoo siday viral nucleic acid, iyo shirka reer binu qayb protein ee ribosomes ee gacanta ciidanka. Sidaas darteed, shiid cell oo dhan waxaa si buuxda u jideeyey, dulin ah in si degdeg ah u badin, taasoo keentay in gacanta dhimasho.

fayrusyada RNA-ka kooban

In virology dhigay kala ah noolaha, kuwaas oo kooxo dhowr ah. Sidaas daraaddeed, noocyada ugu horeeyay waxaa lagu magacaabaa hal-ku xayiran (+) RNA. Waxay nucleic acid uu qabtaa hawlaha la mid ah sida RNA Rasuul ka mid ah unugyada eukaryotic ah. In koox kale oo ka mid ah hal-ku xayiran (-) RNA. First, ay u taagoo qoraal dhacdaa, taasoo keentay in muuqaalka kore ee u taagoo (+) RNA, iyo kuwa markeeda, adeega sidii template ee borotiinada viral.

Iyada oo ku saleysan ku qorani, waayo, dhammaan noolaha, oo ay ku jiraan fayraska, DNA iyo RNA hawlaha kooban lagu gartaa sida: kaydinta sifooyinka dhaxlo iyo guryaha ee u shaqeeyo iyo gudbinta dheeraad ah ee faracooda.