Dhirta Transgenic: diyaarinta iyo isticmaalka

Arrinta dhirta hiddo modified dheeraad ah updated sannadihii la soo dhaafay. technology Transgenic leeyahay soo horjeeda iyo difaacayaasha, si kastaba ha ahaatee xaaladda ma noqon cad muddo. In this article waxaan diiradda saari doonaa waxa hiddo modified dalagyada, waxa ayidaya iyo khasaaraha, waxaa lagu soo bandhigi doonaa iyadoo tusaale u ah dhirta transgenic.

degdeg ah ee dhibaatada

Tirada dadka ee dhulka meeraha bilowga ah ee 2016-ka waxa ay 7.3 bilyan oo qof oo si degdeg ah sii kordhaya maanta. Oo quruumo badan oo caalamka ku dareemaan la'aan joogto ah oo cunto iyo biyo. Tan waxa u sabab ah waxyeellada daran ee nin ku saabsan nooca, taas oo keentay in bacriminta ciidda Engand.

In qarnigii XX waxaa lumay aan ka yarayn 20% ka mid ah goobaha miro-dhalaya caalamka. Aaggooda iyo sii yaraadaan sabab u ah nabaad-noolaha, xaalufka, biyo-raaciska ee dusha waxtar leh, qabashada dalkii ujeedooyin kale.

kala guurka ah si beerista dalagyada warshadaha wax soo saarka ee methanol keenaysaa in hoos u dhac ku goobta dalkii kaymo, taas oo sii kordhineysa xaaladda nafaqada aadanaha.

Ruush Wasaaradda waxbarashada caafimaadka ayaa muujiyay, in dadka oo cunto ah waxa lagu gartaa hoos u dhac ku yimid qaddarka lacagta ee alaabta bayoloji qiimo leh. Sidaas darteed, yaraanta protein soo saaray, fitamiinada iyo waxyaabaha kale ee dabiiciga ah.

Culumada saynisku waxay saadaalinayaan in la kordhiyo tirada bulshooyinka aadanaha on Earth in 9-11 bilyan oo 2050, si aad u baahan tahay in ay laba ama xataa saddex laabmaan mugga dalagyada beeraha adduunka oo dhan. korodhka Tani ma aha macquul ah oo aan hordhaca ah ee dhirta transgenic in aannu kordhinno mugga dalagyada iyo in la yareeyo qiimaha alaabta, iyo sidoo kale ay ku jiraan guryaha aan in dhirta koray by technology dhaqanka.

Nuxurka of technology

shaqeeyo wax kasta oo nool ayaa hiddo in go'aan ka dhan ah qaababka ay. hiddo-silsilad casri ah loo sameeyay guryaha. silsilad laftiisa waxaa loo yaqaan genotype ee (hiddawadayaasha).

Markii hore, noocyo cusub hybrid helay isku dhafan ee dhirta waalidka in beddelay hiddo-kasta oo kale oo ka heli qaababka cusub. Marxaladani waxay qaateen qadar weyn oo waqti, iyo wax soo saarka dhamaadka ma aha had iyo jeer ilaa laga filayo.

Iyada oo horumarka tiknolojiyada cusub ay suurto gal ahayd in la beddelo genotype geedka dhakhso by bandhigid ah hiddo loo baahdo. Tani jihada of hawlaha cilmi ayaa u yeedhay injineernimada hidaha. Geedaha la hiddo-doorsoon lagu magacaabo transgenic ama hiddo modified. injineerada hidda abuuro noocyo cusub. Sidaa darteed aan awoodin in ay si deg deg ah u hesho dhirta cusub. Sida fursad inay u beddesho genotype leh ujeeddo gaar ah.

Tusaale ahaan beddelka hiddo

injineernimada hidda ka caawisaa inay soo bandhigto hiddo in ay yihiin adkaysi u arrimo kala duwan waxyeelo:

• walxuhu Herbicidal.
• daawooyinka Sunta.
• sheyga Phytopathogenic.

Soo bandhigay sida hiddo-in la kordhiyo muddada koriinkedu, qamaar nitrogen. hagaajin kartaa Halabuurka amino acid of dhirta protein ah.

horumarinta warshadaha beeraha iyo beerto dalagyadii la mid ah in qaybo badan u keenaysaa in dhalmo of cayayaanka iyo cudurada kala iibsiga. Si aad u dagaalama, saynisyahano abuuro kiimiko ah oo tiro badan. Cayayaanka si tartiib tartiib ah ula qabsan lahaa sunta ah oo ay noqoto mid u adkaysata. Xaaladda deegaanka waa ka sii daraysaa at this: dhiman cayayaanka la doonayo, oo ciidda ku dhici kiimikooyin waxyeello leh.

injineernimada hidda bixisaa abuurka ah ee hiddo in ay soo saaraan ilaalinta cayayaanka. In yaanyada goostay hiddo keenaya suuska degdeg ah. iyo khajaarkii waxaa lagu daray hiddo mas'uul ka ah dhismaha oo sonkor ah, aad aakhirka la qajaar udgoon. Fikrad ahaan qaababkani ogolaan dhirta si ay u koraan kaamil ah, kaas oo ku siin soo dajinno Biyaha sare oo aydnaan ka cabsan of dulin iyo ku xanuunsadaan ma.

dhaqanka Tani waa la fuliyay tan iyo 1984. Warshad horeysay transgenic waxaa ka diiwaan gashan 1983. Waxay ahayd tubaakada, in qaab-dhismeedka gacanta oo soo bandhigay hiddo-dhinac saddexaad ah. tijaabooyin Tubaakada beerta lagu fuliyay sanadkii 1986 oo dalka Mareykanka ah. Iyo 1994 Mareykanka tageen oo cunto transgenic sale. Kuwaasu waxay ahaayeen yaanyada la muddo yar ku fulan iyo iminka faaruq ah. labadii sano ee suuqa ka dib markii u yimid liiska dalagyada hiddo danbeeyay: hadhuudh, yaanyada, baradhada, iminka faaruq ah, rapeseed, dabocase, squash, iyo suuf.

Tan iyo markaas, beddelka hiddo codsatay in dhammaan dalagga, dalagyada ay koraan. Tan waxa u sabab ah faa'iidooyinka dhaqaale. Ka dib oo dhan, iyo jiriqsiga iyo Colorado ee ku baabbi'in dalagga badan ee baradho, taas oo ah sababta balaayiin doolar waxaa laga badiyay. Go'aanka ay guushu ku baradho transgenic, ma hoos gasho Colorado baradho duqsiyo badan. Waxaad sii wadi kartaa inaad wacdo dhirta transgenic jira tusaalooyin. Si aad u taariikhda, liiska waa arrin ballaaran. Ku dhowaad dhammaan dalagga heleen mataanaha hidaha.

Geedi socodka sayniska

Abuuritaanka dhirta transgenic bilaabmaa hordhaca ah ee hiddo-gaarka ah ee unugyada dhirta for qabsashada kormosoomyadooda. Geedi socodka ah ee soo bandhigid hiddo shisheeye fududeeyey haddii derbiyada gacanta ugu horeysay oo laga saaray ee falgalka: pectinase ama cellulase, taas oo horseedaysa muuqaalka kore ee protoplasts. Soo Bandhigida hiddo-cusub-dhismeedka protoplast ah, ka dib markii taas oo ah unugyada ay yihiin kuwo cultured in xaaladaha nafaqo, ka dibna aasaasay unugyada waxaa loo isticmaalaa soo kabashada ee dhirta.

Ujeedada ugu weyn ee sayniska hidaha - a dhirta transgenic adkaysi u doogga iyo fiiruska. Ujeedada this habka ay u soo bandhigid transgenes oo muujiyaan antibodies gudaha unugyada ka dhanka ah protein viral. Digo dhaqamada aan bandhigi fayrusyada, suurto gal ah in la abuuro ilaalinta lagu kalsoonaan karo oo dhirta ka noocyo badan oo dhirta cudurada viral.

Hababka aasaasiga ah ee soo saara dhirta transgenic waa:

1. Isticmaalka Agrobacterium. Waa inay soo bandhigto a bakteeriyada gaarka ah ee genotype geedka.
2. "DNA-qori." Xaaladdan oo kale, saynisyahano macno ahaan "toogtaan" ee ay DNA galay gacanta. Sidaas darteed, kuwaas oo "rasaas" waxaa loo dhisay oo uu DNA meesha uu doonayo.

Qiimaha A wanaagsan

Xulashada dhigay wax aan macquul ahayn in la helo warshad leh xaddi weyn oo vitamins. Horumarinta ee Kiimikada noole la siiyo fursad. Tusaale ahaan, waxaa la saaray ee "bariis dahabka" la content sare ah vitamin A. strawberries Helay kula content sare ah vitamin C. Landkruusaro soo saaray, kaas oo kor u kacay shan jeer xaddiga vitamin E.

Isticmaalka dhirta saaray kala duwan borotiinada qiimo leh, tallaalada, antibodies. nidaamyada dhirta la isticmaalayo waa borotiinada recombinant on baaxadda ganacsiga. The hormone koritaanka aadanaha ugu horeysay waxaa la helay sannadkii 1986. Tan iyo markaas, wax badan oo ka mid ah borotiinka ku dhexsameeysmo jirka, mid ah oo kala ah:

• avidin (loo isticmaalo cilmi biology kelli);
• (Protein caanaha loo isticmaalaa sida daro cuntada a) casein;
• Collagen iyo elastin (borotiinada daawo).

Isticmaalka noolaha dhirta hiddo modified looga qabto arrimaha ku xeeran dhexdhexaad isdaahirinta. Tusaale ahaan, la abuuro a warshad-biodegradatory. Waxay kaa caawin karaan daatay oo saliid ah iyo waxyaabaha kale ee khatarta leh ee qaybo badan.

Si aad u nadiifiso biyaha iyo ciidda, geedka waxaa loo isticmaali karaa si uu u nuugo waxyaabo waxyeello ka deegaanka, gaar ahaan macdanaha culus. In tijaabo kuwan, tubaakada hogaanka, ayaa leh awood oo dhan.

Si aad u qabtaan hawlaha dhirta oo daahirinta ku dhex beeray meelaha sumeysan ka dibna laga saaray iyo inoculated xisbiga cusub ee "nadiifiyaha". Si aad u sifayso biyaha, dhirta sida waa rujin nidaamka Hawiyaha galay xal aqueous.

isbeddellada warshadaha

Geedi socodka ah ee soo saara dhirta transgenic ka mid ah dhowr qaybood:

1. Noocyo la heer sare ah wax soo saarka.
2. Abuuritaanka dhaqan awood u soo saara dhowr goosta sanadkiiba. (Tusaale ahaan, strawberries la rijeynaya, fruiting laba jeer oo ka mid ah xagaaga.)
3. Production dhirta transgenic adkaysi u cayayaanka. (Waxaa jira baradho ah, iyo jiriqsiga iyo baradho baabbi'iyaa.)
4. Kala duwan, in ay ka gudbaan xaaladaha cimilada kasta.
5. dhirta taranta saara protein xayawaanka. (In Shiinaha, cultivar tubaakada dheefay saara lactoferrin aadanaha.)

Isticmaalka dhirta transgenic caawiyo si ay u xalliyaan arrimo dhowr ah, iyaga ka mid ah: cunto yaraan, agronomic horumarinta dhibaatooyin Farmashiiste iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Maadaama uu dhirta hiddo modified yihiin iyo baaba 'cayayaanka waxyeello in ay leeyihiin saamayn dhaawici on deegaanka. dhirta Transgenic adkaysi u cayayaanka, - tani ma aha khiyaali, laakiin arrin aad u dhabta ah waaxda beeraha.

Farqiyada u dhexeeya dhirta hiddo modified iyo dabiiciga ah

xirfad laawe fudud in la kala saaro dhirta dabiiciga ah iyo transgenic suurtogal ma aha. Waxaa la ogaaday by baaritaan sheybaar.

Ruush Wasaaradda Caafimaadka ee 2002 amartay saarayaasha si calaamadiso alaabooyinka ka kooban yihiin in ka badan shan boqolkiiba wax gennopreobrazovannogo. Laakiin xaqiiqadu, calaamadeynta sida uu yahay ku dhowaad hal ma ugu baaqaysaa. jeegag ku haboon Muujin xadgudubyada sida si joogto ah.

Si aad xaq ugu dejinta, helitaanka iyo iibinta alaabta hiddo modified waxa jira hab diiwaangelinta gobolka waa culays. Tani waa mid aad u khasaari for saarayaasha cunto.

Calaamadaynta on saarka ah macnaheedu ma aha in cuntada ay khatar ugu ah dadka. Dhanka kale, dad badan u arkaan in sida signal khatar ah.

dhirta Hiddaha modified - waxa yihiin?

In Russia, ayaa ka diiwaan gashan iyo jeegagii lagama maarmaanka ah oo dhan 10 nooc oo dhirta transgenic. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah:

• iminka faaruq ah laba nooc;
• Corn shan noocyada;
• Laba noocyo baradho,
• xididdo,
• dabocase sonkorta ka this.

In West ah, waxyaabaha la dersaan modified leeyihiin sumadaha, waxay la ciiraya khaanadaha. In Russia, waxyaabaha aad u badan oo la mid, Calaamadayn inkastoo ku haboon halkaasaan iyaga. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dhammaan waxyaabaha kuwan waxaa laga keeno dalal kale. In Russia, dhaqanka hiddo bedelay helay ilaa hadda oo kaliya in tijaabooyinka sayniska. kibirka dhab ah aqoonyahaniinta waa baradho ah, kaas oo kuwa lamid ah caleen baradho dhiman.

Dadka deegaanka u soo horjeeda baradho sida. Cilmi, taas oo muujisay in ay cunaan baradho ah in jiirka iskujoog oo formula dhiig, ratio ee xubnaha jirka ee, waxaa jira heley kala duwan. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, sida ay saynisyahano, ma aha sabab lagu diido warshadaha oo dhan.

horumarinta Transgenic inta badan ka sahlan hababka taranta, iyo mararka qaarkood ammaan. waxyaabaha Transgenic yihiin wax badan ka jaban dabiiciga ah, sidaas darteed, waa in baahida loo qabo in dalalka dhacsan. In mustaqbalka, khudaarta organic iyo hadhuudhkuna wuxuu ahaan doonaa wax soo saarka ee dukaamo yaryar oo qiimaha sare.

Faa'iidada iyo faa'iido darrada ah ee dhirta hiddo modified

Waxaa jira laba views soo horjeeda oo ku saabsan qiimaha of technology transgenic. saynisyahano Qaar ka mid ah waxay aaminsan yihiin Isbadal xogta genotypic gebi ahaanba ammaan ah oo jidhka bini'aadamka oo waa mid aad u faa'iido badan ee horumarinta beeraha. Qaar kale waxay aaminsan yihiin in natiijada transformations sida isu muujin doonaa sannado badan oo kaliya ka dib.

dhalashada ee dhirta transgenic sidoo kale adduunka ugu kala qaybsameen badh. Ka mid ah kuwa ka dambeeya - Maraykanka, Canada, Australia, Argentina iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Waxay u dhaqmo dhanka ah Europe iyo wadamo badan oo leh nidaam ah dib ugu beeraha.

muran ka dhanka ah dhirta transgenic la rumeysan yahay in dhaqamada sida ugu danbeyn isu noqdaan weed ineradicable ama lagugu xiro xoqayaa in kale, nijaasayn deegaanka. Dabcan, waa suurto gal.

Xaaladda dunida iyo Russia

armaajo oo Yurub ku saabsan alaabta hiddo modified Waa dhif iyo naadir. maamulka State qaadanayso sharciyada adag oo u baahan calaamad waxyaabaha sida. Waxaa sidoo kale jira sharciyo DNA. Tani booska of Europe waa kuwo gaar u ah siyaasadda iyo dhaqaalaha.

In Russia sharciyada sida weli. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ma jiraan sharciyo u ogolaan in ay ku riday gennoizmenennye dhaqanka. Waxaad keeni kartaa horumarinta wax soo saarka ah noocyo cusub, iyo sidoo kale loo oggol yahay inay dajiyaan waxyaabaha gennopreobrazovannye ka yimid dalalka shisheeye. In Russia keeno iminka faaruq ah transgenic iyo hadhuudh.

opinion Dadweynaha ku saabsan xaaladda wakiilada warbaahinta foomka alaabta gennoizmenennymi. Waxay ka badbadinin fadeexado iyo qaado dhinaca cadaawayaashooda soo saarka gennopreobrazovannoy. daliilka cilmibaarista ee ay nabadgelyada waqti isku mid ah ayaa weli ku sugan hoosku.

Ma jiraa keeni walaac?

Dhirta kasta u nugul isbeddel hidde, mari hubinta ammaanka khasab ah ka hor inta uusan helin fasax codsiga mass. hay'adaha dawladda u helno halista deegaanka iyo dheef shiidka la xidhiidha beerista dalagga kuwan. No daran, ka dib markii isticmaalka waxa ka sameysan hiddo modified aan weli la diiwaan.

injineernimada hidda bixisaa a rajada si caddaalad ah oo dhalaalaya, dhirta transgenic ma xanuunsadaan hana qudhmi. Laakiin ha iloobin hadalkii hore, ". Nature karahdo vacuum ah" Halkee si ay u tagaan cayayaanka iyo cudurada? Ma dulin weli aan cunto iyo dhiman? Maxaa saamayn doono this ifafaale weli ma cadda.

Sida ay soo horjeeda ee technology transgenic, injineero, geneticists samayn rabshadaha ka dhanka dabeecada. Waxay, breeders duwan guurto hiddo-kasta oo jiho kasta, taas oo shaki la'aan waxay keeni doontaa in cawaaqib murugo. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waqtiga, iyo dhakhtar qalliin oo lagu eedeeyay dhicin faragelin jidhka bini'aadamka iyo daawo casri ah uu sameeyay horumar weyn, iyo tallaabooyinka dhakhtarka, ma hal sabab khilaafaadka.

Noqo in sida laga yaabaa, horumar ma joojin karaan. Malaha, isticmaalka dhirta transgenic - waa mustaqbalka dhow ee warshadaha beeraha. Waxaa intaa dheer, horumarka ka jira injineerrada hidde caawin kara beeraha si aad u hesho ka mid ah xaalado badan oo adag. bayotechnoolajiyadda A cusub ku siin doonaa go'aanka iyo arrimo kale (cunto, tiknoolaji iyo siyaasadeed).

Hadda waxa uu noqonayaa mid iska cad in dhirta transgenic sida (GMPs), tusaale iyo jawaabta su'aashan kartaan akhristaha mid ka mid ah maqaalka.