Guryaha kiimikada ee alcohols

taagayo shidaalka la mid ah ama ka badan atamka hydrogen ee Britain ayaa ku, la bedelay on group -OH (group hydroxyl ama group hydroxy), - waxaa alcohols. kiimikaad ee uu go'aamiyey hydrocarbon ah xagjirka ah iyo koox hydroxyl ah. Alcohols sameeyaan gaar ah taxane homologous wakiilka dhexdeeda kasta duwan oo isku xigta ka xubin la soo dhaafay, waayo, farqiga homology dhiganta = CH2. Dhammaan walxaha of class this matali karaan by formula ah: R-OH. Waayo, xeryahooda monohydric yareysey formula kiimikada guud waa CnH2n + 1OH. Sida laga soo xigtay magacyada waydaarsanayeen caalami ah la sameeyay waxaa laga yaabaa in ay ku daray OL hydrocarbon xiritaanka ah (methanol, ethanol, propanol, iwm).

Tani waa fasalka ah oo aad u kala duwan oo ballaaran oo kiimiko ah. Iyadoo ku xiran tirada kooxaha -OH ee Britain, waxa uu u qaybsan yahay mancaha, qaybsamaa iyo trihydric sidaas on - xarunta polyhydric. guryaha kiimikada ee alcohols ayaa sidoo kale ku xiran tahay content ee kooxaha kooxaha hydroxyl per Britain. Walxahan waa dhex-dhexaad ah oo aadan beri galay udhigo biyo, sida acids xoog ama saldhig oo xoog leh. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa laga yaabaa in sida a imaanshada acidic (hoos u leh korodhka tirada miisaanka kelli khamriga iyo branching of silsilad hydrocarbon) ama aasaasiga ah (koror la sii kordhaya miisaanka kelli iyo branching Britain) guryaha.

guryaha Chemical alcohols ku xiran yihiin nooca iyo heshiis aan ollogga ah ee atamka: waa u taagoo silsiladdan isomerism iyo isomers booska. Iyadoo ku xiran tirada ugu badan ee bonds hal eb carbon ah (group hydroxy xidhxidhan) la atamka kale carbon (1 st ah, 2 ama 3) kala saaro alcohols hoose (caadiga ah), dugsiyada sare ama jaamacadaha. alcohols Primary leeyihiin kooxda hydroxyl ah ku lifaaqan eb ah carbon hoose. At sare iyo jaamacadaha - si ay sare iyo jaamacadaha, siday u kala horreeyaan. Tan iyo propanol muuqan isomers kala duwan ee jagada group hydroxyl ah: propyl khamriga C3H7-OH, iyo CH3- khamriga isopropyl (CHOH) -CH3.

Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah inuu magacaabo dhowr ka mid ah dareen diidmo ugu weyn ee in sifaha hantida kiimikada ee alcohols ah:

1. Marka la lalana Biraha alkali ama hydroxides (reaction deprotonation) alcoholates sameeyay (atom hydrogen waxaa lagu bedelaa eb biraha a), taas oo ku xidhan hydrocarbon xagjirka helay methoxide, ethoxide, propoxide iyo wixii la mid ah, tusaale ahaan, sodium propylate: 2CH3CH2OH + 2Na → 2CH3CH2ONa + H2 ↑.
2. Marka la hydrohalic acid sameeyay Consort halogenated xoog lalana: HBr + CH3CH2OH ↔ CH3CH2Br + H2O. reaction Tani waa karo. Natiijadu waxay tahay bedelay a nucleophilic of ra'iyi halogeen ah, koox hydroxyl ah.
3. Alcohols la oxidized kartaa in carbon dioxide, si aldehydes ama ketones in. Alcohols ku gubaan oo ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen oxygen: 3O2 + C2H5OH → 2CO2 + 3H2O. Under saameynta ay wakiilka xoog leh oksidheeyeyaal (chromic acid, -KP , iwm) alcohols aasaasiga ah waxaa beddelay aldehydes: C2H5OH → CH3COH + H2O, iyo sare - si ketones: CH3- (CHOH) -CH3 → CH3- (Cho) -CH3 + H2O.
4. dareen-celin fuuq baxa dul kululaynta ay goobjoog ka ahaayeen wakiilo dehydrating (chloride zinc, sulfuric acid, iwm). Tani waxay soo saartaa alkenes: C2H5OH → CH2 = CH2 + H2O.
5. reaction esterification ayaa sidoo kale soo baxa dul kululaynta in joogitaanka xeryahooda dehydrating, laakiin, in la barbardhigo falcelinta hore heerkulka a hoose iyo si ay u sameeyaan ethers: 2C2H5OH → -C2H5O C2H5O. Iyada oo sulfuric acid, falcelinta ka dhacdaa laba marxaladood. First, Ester acid sulfuric waxaa la aasaasay: C2H5OH + H2SO4 → C2H5O-SO2OH + H2O, raaceen by kululaynta 140 ° C iyo xad dhaaf ah oo aalkolo ah waxaa la aasaasay, preservative (inta badan loo yaqaan baaruud) ether: C2H5OH + C2H5O-SO2OH → C2H5O-C2H5O + H2SO4 .

The guryaha kiimikada ee polyols, isu ekaysiinta xoolahooda jirka ku xiran tahay nooca shidaalka xagjirka ah, la xirrira Britain ah, iyo dabcan, tirada kooxaha hydroxyl dhexdeeda. Tusaale ahaan, tones ethylene CH3OH-CH3OH (dhibic karaya 197 ° C), taas oo ah 2 khamriga qaaradda waa dareere ah midab (dhadhan macaan), kaas oo la qaso H2O, iyo alcohols hoose oo dhan Joogaba. tones ethylene sida homologues sare oo dhanba ku yimaadaan dhan reactions caan ku alcohols monohydric. Glycerol CH2OH-CHOH-CH2OH (karaya dhibic 290 ° C) waa wakiil ka ugu fudud 3 alcohols qaaradda. Waa dareere qaro macaan-dhadhankiisu, oo waa ka culus tahay biyo, laakiin waxaa lagu daray waxaa la in ratio kasta. L. in khamriga. Waayo, glycerin iyo homologues ay sidoo kale lagu gartaa falcelinta ee alcohols monohydric oo dhan.

alcohols guryaha Chemical qeexo jiho oo ka mid ah codsiga. Waxay waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida shidaalka (ethanol ama butanol, iwm), sida qase kala duwan ee warshadaha; sida wax cayriin ee wax soo saarka ee surfactants iyo saabuunta dharka, waayo, ereygu wuxuu ahaa ee qalabka polymeric. Qaar ka mid ah wakiilada class this xeryahooda organic si weyn loo isticmaalaa sida saliidaha ama dheecaanka Haydarooliga, iyo sidoo kale for soo saaridda ee medicaments iyo walxaha bayoloji firfircoon.