Dhaqdhaqaaqa Hussite: sababaha, ka qaybgalayaasha, natiijooyinka, qiimaha

dhaqdhaqaaqa Czech Hussite baxday qarnigii hore XV. xubnaha doonayay inay dib u habeyn kiniisadda Christian. waxyoonay ugu weyn ee isbedelka ahaa fiqi Czech Yan Gus, kuwaas oo aayahooda naxdin leh ayaa keentay in xadgudub iyo dagaal-dheer labaatan sano.

waxbaridda Yana Gusa

Yan Gus ku dhashay koonfurta ee Jamhuuriyadda Czech ee 1369. Wuxuu ka qalin jabiyay oo noqday professor a at the University of Prague. Waxa uu sidoo kale helay shuqulka wadaadnimada, oo waxay noqdeen Raktarka ee Chapel Beytlaxam ee Prague. Yan Gus si deg deg ah u noqday mid wax wacdiya oo caan ah ka mid ah uu la shaqayn jiray muwaadiniinta. Tani waxa ay ahayd sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in uu u yimid in xidhiidhka dadka afka Czech, halka oo dhan Church Catholic Roman isticmaalo Laatiin, oo ma ay ogayn ee tacsida fudud.

dhaqdhaqaaqa Hussite waxaa la sameeyay ku dhowaad theses kuwa, kuwaas oo u riixay Yan Gus, la dooday carshiga le'daan in ku habboon wadaad Christian. Fikirka reformer Czech in aan la iibin karin jagooyinka lacag caddaan ah iyo indulgences. Kale oo ku wacdiya hadal muranka ahaa fikrad in Church ee ma aha isku hallayn karo oo waa in la dhaleeceeyey, in ay dhacdo cilado qarsoon waxaa gudahood. Oo waagaas waxay ahayd erayadii aad u dhiirran yihiin, maxaa yeelay, Christian ma aan doodi karaa la Pope iyo wadaaddada. dadka noocan oo kale ah waxaa si toos ah loo aqoonsan yahay sida kufaar ah.

Si kastaba ha ahaatee Gus halka farxad fogaado ciqaabta mahad si ay caan dadka ku dhex jira. reformer Church ayaa sidoo kale baraha. Waxa uu soo jeediyey wax ka beddelka ay ku alifbeetada Czech si ay u fududeeyaan habka qorista iyo akhriska ee dadka.

Dhimashada Huss

In 1414 Yan Gus ayaa waxaa looga yeeray Golaha Constance, kaas oo lagu qabtay magaalada Jarmal on xeebaha Lake Constance. Si rasmi ah, ujeedada kulankani waxay ahayd in ay wada hadlaan dhibaatada ka jirta Church Catholic ah, kaas oo waxaa jiray khilaaf Western. Waayo, ku dhowaad afartan sano, waxaa jiray aabayaasha kaliya labo. Mid ka mid ahaa in Rome, ka kale - ee France. Half of dalalka ay taageerto mid ka mid ah Catholic, oo badhkoodii kalena - labaad.

Ugu Gus waxaan lahaa khilaafka la Church, isku dayaya in ay isaga adhiga, hawlo mamnuuc ka jaraan, laakiin in shafeeca ah wadaadka caanka ah Czech cilmaani mahad sii khudbadiisa. Going to Constance, ayuu weyddiiyey damaanado in aysan taaban doonaa. Balanqaadyo la sameeyey. Laakiin marka Gus ahaa ee Cathedral ee, uu ku xiray.

Pope The this sharxay by xaqiiqada ah in uu shaqsi ahaan ma siin wax ballan qaad (oo iyaga siiyey oo kaliya gooyo Sigismund). By Gus dalbaday in uu ka laaban aragtidiisa. Waxa uu diiday. Inkasta oo uu hayo xabsiga, abtirsan Czech Dispatches in Germany cid diray oo u sii daayo baahida ay geesi qaranka. darteed waxay ku lahaa saamayn lahayn. July 6, 1415 Yan Gus la gubay sida heretic ah. Tani waxa ay ahayd sababta ugu weyn ee ka dillaacay dagaalka ee Czech Republic.

Bilowgii kacdoonka ee Czech Republic

dhaqdhaqaaqa toobadda Hussite faafay dalka oo dhan. Sidukiinta (Sidukiinta), dadka deggan magaalooyinka iyo Knights ma jeclaan rabshadaha of Church Catholic ee ay aqoonsiga qaranka. Waxaa jiray kala duwan ee go'an ee qaar ka mid ah banneeyey Nicmoolayda waxa Christian.

Ka dib markii fulinta dhaqdhaqaaqa Hus gool Hussite ugu dambeyntii soo baxay, si ay uga takhalusi Czech Republic ka Catholics iyo Jarmalka. Waayo, wakhtigu waa qaar ka mid ah khilaafka soo xirtay qof deegaanka ah. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ka Pope, inaan la isna jawaab kufaar, shaaca ka soo ridayo in Moravia. ololayaal ciidan noocan oo kale ah ay ahaayeen caadi ah waqtiga. First yimaddeen si ay u qabsadaan dadka Muslimiinta ah ee Falastiin oo u difaacaan. Marka Bariga Dhexe lumay si ay Yurub, indhaha kaniisadaha jeestay gobollada meeshaas waxaa ku yiil kufaar firfircoon kala duwan ama quruumaha. The ugu guulaha badan ahaa ololaha ee dalka Mareykanka bari, halkaas oo laba ah ayaa la dhigay ilaa amar military-monastic ka dhulkeeda. Haddaba waxaa Warega of Czech Republic si ay u noolaadaan duulaankii ee Knights la iskutallaabta on calammo ah.

Sigismund iyo Yan Zhizhka

In Wajiga koowaad ee sare dagaal ciidanka ay Saliibiyiintu ka noqday Emperor of Quduuska Roman Empire Sigismund. Wuxuu ayaa gudanin indhaha u Czech kuwaasoo aan ilaaliyo Hus in, marka in uu ahaa isku dayay at Golaha Constance. Haddaba gooyo xataa more Neceb deggan Slavic noqday.

dhaqdhaqaaqa Hussite sidoo kale heshay hoggaamiye milatari. Waxay noqday Zhizhka Yan ah. Waxay ahayd sharaf ah Czech, kuwaas oo horey u in ka badan 60 sannadood. Iyadoo ay taasi jirto, wuxuu ahaa tabar buuxda. geesigeeda Tani ayaa lagu yaqaanaa inuu xirfadiisa ciyaareed cajiib ah barxadihii boqorrada kala duwan. In 1410, uu ku biiray iskaa wax u qabso ah ciidanka Polish-Lithuanian sida, jabin ah saliibiyiinta Jarmal of Order Teutonic ee Battle of Grunwald. In dagaalka ku jirno uu badiyay ishiisa bidix.

Xataa in Czech Republic, inta lagu guda jiro dagaalka ka dhanka ah Sigismund, Zizka gebi ahaanba indhaha la ', laakiin ay weli tahay hoggaamiye Hussite. Wuxuuna cabsi gelin colka dhala iyo naxariis lahayn. In 1420, wada jir ah ula Taliyaha ciidanka 8000th gargaarka ee deggan Prague yimid, eryin ay Saliibiyiintu ka, kuwaas oo ka mid ah waxaa jiray kala ah. Dhacdadaas ka dib markii qaar ka mid ah, Czech Republic oo dhan laga saaray by Hussite.

Mayalka adag iyo kuwa qunyar

Si dhakhso ah, si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxaa jiray qeybinta kale ayaa kala qaybsan dhaqdhaqaaqa Hussite ah. Sababaha dhaqdhaqaaqa ka koobnaa ee uu diiday soo galaya iyo xeerka Jarmal badan Czech Republic. Si dhakhso ah uu ka soo istaagay garabka xagjirka ah, kaas oo uu madax u Zizka. taageerayaashiisa bililiqeystey Biyac Catholic, daacad kula macaamilooteen wasiirada objectionable. Dadkani ayaa abaabulay ay xeradiisa ha ka dhisto Buur Taaboor, sababta oo ah waxa uu ahaa ugu dhakhsaha badan u yeedhay Taborites.

Isla mar ahaantaana, dhaqdhaqaaqa dhexdhexaad ka mid Hussites jirin. Xubnaha guddigaani waxay ahaayeen diyaar u ah inay tanaasul la Church Catholic beddelkeeda tanaasulaad qaar ka mid ah. Sababta oo ah khilaaf u dhexeeya mucaaradka awood ugu dhakhsaha badan midaysan ee Jamhuuriyadda Czech joogsatay si uu u jiro. Waxay isku dayeen in ay ka faa'iidaystaan Emperor Sigismund ah, kuwaas oo bilaabay in uu abaabulo saliibiyiinta labaad ka dhanka ah kufaar ah.

saliibiyiinta kasoo horjeeda Hussites ah

In 1421, ciidanka Imperial, kaas oo sidoo kale ka mid ah kooxaha ka mid ah Knights Hungarian iyo Polish Jamhuuriyadda Czech ku soo laabtay. Ujeedada Sigismund waxay ahayd magaaladii Zatec, kaas oo ku taala meel aan ka fogayn gobolka Jarmal ee Saxony. Si aad u caawiso qalcadda hareereeyey waxaa ciidanka Taborite, kaas oo uu madax u Yan Zhizhka. City u suurtagashay in ay difaacaan oo maalintaas intii laga bilaabona waxaa ka dhacay dagaal la kala duwan guulo labada dhinac.

Si dhakhso ah xubnaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Hussite taageerada ka Waliyeelata lama filaan ah helay in ciidamada xagjir ah ka Grand Duchy reer Lithuania iman. In dalka this, waxaa jiray halgan xooggan gudaha for ilaalinta ee iimaanka jir ah iyo diidmada saamayn Catholic in ka Poland yimid. A dhowr sano ka Lithuanians iyo Ruush hoydeen caawiyay Hussites in dagaalka ka dhanka ah gooyo.

In 1423 guusha muddo gaaban Zizka isaga wada ha la ciidanka dalkooda si buuxda oo cad, iyo xitaa bilaabaan in ay soo fara in deriska Hungary. Hussites gaartay bangiyada oo ka mid ah Danube, halkaas oo ay ku sugayay oo boqorka ciidankiisana waxaa degaanka. Zizka kuma uu dhicin galaan dagaalka, iyo dib u soo jeestay.

Ka gaabinta in Hungary keentay in xaqiiqda ah in dhawaan la afeeyey is burinaya oo kala qaybsan tahay dhaqdhaqaaqa Hussite ah. Sababaha mooshinka laga illoobay, iyo Taborites u soo baxeen inay dagaal ka dhan ah kuwa qunyar (kuwaas oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan Chashniki ama Utraquists). Mayalka u suurtagashay in ay ku guuleysato guul muhiim ah ka June 1424, ka dib markii taas oo gaaban halka midnimada bogsatay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, dayrta isla Yan Zhizhka dhintay cudurka. Journey meelo xusuus dhaqdhaqaaqa Hussite waa in ay daruuri tahay waxaa ka mid ah magaalada přibyslav, halkaas oo uu ku dhintay hoggaamiyaha caanka ah Hussite. Maanta Zizka waa geesi qaranka ee Czech. Waxa uu helay tiro badan oo ah taxadiri.

dagaal Sii

meel Zizka hoggaamiyaha Taborites soo qaaday Prokop Weyn. Waxa uu ahaa wadaad ah iyo ka ah nooca saameynta Prague yimid. Prokop ahaa Chashnikov marka hore, laakiin ugu danbeyn noqday saaxiibtinimo ee xag ka. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxa uu ahaa Taliyaha wanaagsan.

In 1426 Prokop keentay ciidan ah maleeshiyada Taborite iyo Prague, si ay darbiyada magaalada Ústí nad Labem, oo ay qabsadeen ku soo duulay Saxon. Hogaamiyaha Hussite hogaaminayo ay 25,000 oo qof in uu ahaa ciidan aad u daran.

The istaraatijiyad iyo xeeladaha of mucaaradka

In dagaalka Ústí nad Labem Prokop si guul leh loo isticmaalo tabtii, kaas oo u muuqday wakhtigii Yana Zhizhki. Bilowgii dhaqdhaqaaqa Hussite ah lagu gartaa in unugyada cusub ee maleeshiyada dagaalka ahaayeen layli ah oo aan faa'iido lahayn dagaalka ciidan xirfadle gooyo. Waqti ka, deficiency this waxaa la sixi by qulqulaya ee Knights dibad-Czech.

abuurnimo muhiim ahaa tareenka sahayda Hussite. Sidaas yeedhay qalcado, taas oo la dhisay ka qaadeen gaadhifardoodkii si ay u difaacaan meesha istaraatiiji ah oo muhiim ah oo ku saabsan dagaalka. Waxa ay ahayd in dagaalka Czech ee Yurub bilaabeen in ay adeegsadaan hubka, laakiin waxa ay weli ahayd xaalad halkii heer hoose ah oo aan si weyn u saamayn karo natiijada dagaalka. door muhiim ah lagu ciyaaray by fardooley ah, kaas oo tareen sahayda waxay ahaayeen caqabad halis ah.

At a WHO dhigay qoriga in toogtay cadowga iyo yuusan jebiyaan oo qalcad ah. tareen Supply ayaa dhisay qaab qaab. Waxaa jiray kiisaska soo noqnoqda markii gaari agagaarka jidad ah, kaas oo noqday faa'iido dheeraad ah Hussites ku jiido. In tareenka sahayda ku haboon yahay inuu ilaa 20 qof, kala bar dadkaas waxay ahaayeen fallaadhii ku soo jiita iyo awr lagu soo dhowaanayso meel fog ka.

Sababo la tabaha xeeladeed, ciidankii reer Prokop qaawan mar kale ka eryay Jarmalka. dagaalka ee Ústí nad Labem Ka dib, maleeshiyada Czech muddo saddex sano ah soo galeen dhowr jeer in Austria iyo Saxony iyo xataa hareereeyey Vienna iyo Nuremberg, si kastaba ha ahaatee, in ay waxba idiinma tarin.

Waxa xiiso leh in waqtigan Hussites waxay bilaabeen inay si firfircoon u taageeraan wakiillo ka abtirsan Polish iyo Knights of wadankan, in kasta oo ay masuuliyiinta ay. Xiriirka Tani waxaa laga heli karaa sharraxaad fudud. Poles The, sida Czech, isagoo Slavs ka cabsaday xoojiyo saamayn Jarmal on dalkoodii. Sidaa darteed, dhaqdhaqaaqa Hussite, ee gaaban, waxay ahayd diinta ah ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale helay dhadhan qaranka.

Wadahadalo kula Catholics

In 1431, Pope Martin V yeedhay Basel Cathedral (magacaabay meesha shirka), loogu talagalay in lagu xaliyo khilaafka la Czech marayo diblomaasiyadda. Faa'ideystay this dalab, ka qaybgalayaasha iyo hoggaamiyayaasha dhaqdhaqaaqa Hussite ah. Wafdiga ayaa la aasaasay, taas oo u baxay inuu Basel. Waxaa uu hogaaminayo Prokop Weyn. wadahadalka, oo uu Catholics ku bixisay, ku dhammaaday fashil. Dhinacyada colaadda ayaa ku guuldareysatay inay gaaraan tanaasul. Safaaradda Hussite guryahoodii bay ku noqdeen.

wufuud gaabinta keentay in kala kale ka mid ah mucaaradka. Inta badan dadkii ku abtirsan Czech ay go'aansatay in ay isku dayaan mar kale in aad la xaajooto Catholics, laakiin ma bixinta si ay danaha Taborites dareenka. Waxay ahayd dillaac ee la soo dhaafay oo khaas ah, oo baabbi'iyeen dhaqdhaqaaqa Hussite ah. Shaxda muujinaysaa dhacdooyinka ugu muhiimsan ee la xiriira kacdoonkii Czech madax ag taagnaa Chashniki iyo Taborites.

Hussites The final kala

Taborite markuu ogaaday in Hussites ee dhexdhexaad ah mar kale isku dayaya in ay ka heli tanaasul la Catholics ah, markay tageen si ay Plzen, halka ay ku adkaaday quarter Catholic. Tani waxa ay ahayd dhacdo in inta badan ee sayidyada Czech ugu danbeyn inay heshiis la Pope u yimid oo kale caws buu la soo dhaafay. Dabaqadda sare ka daalnay dagaal in uu socday muddo shan iyo toban sannadood. Czech Republic jiifay burbur, iyo dhaqaalaha, taas oo ay ku xiran yihiin daryeelka digsiyada aan la soo celin karin ilaa ilaa ay nabadi jirto.

Sida caadiga ah, sayidkaygiiyow kasta dhulgoosadka lahaa oo ciidankiisa yar u gaar ah, oo ka kooban xulka Knights. Marka digsiyada Midowga biiray ciidamada, kuwaas oo sidoo kale ku biiray Catholics ah, iyo maleeshiyada ee Prague, ee ciidamada cusub ay ahaayeen 13 kun xirfadlayaasha hubeysan. At madaxa ciidanka istaagay Utraquists dhulgoosadka Diviš Borek. Sidoo kale ciidanka madaxyo simanna leh mustaqbalka George Czech King of Podebrady.

Battle of Lipan

Taborite taageertaa 16 magaalo Czech, isaga qudhiisu ka mid yihiin Taaboor iyo Zatec, Nymburk iyo wixii la mid ah. Xag D. Army weli hogaaminayo Prokop weyn, oo uu gacantiisa midig ahaa taliyaha kale Prokop Small. Taborite ka hor dagaal kula cadowga u suurtagashay in ay qaataan boos raaxo loogu talagalay difaaca indheheeda. Prokop ayaa rajeynayay inuu ku guulaysto uu xeeladaha classic in ka mid ah isticmaalka tareen sahayda, iyo sidoo kale xiran hoos cadowga iyo counterattack muhim.

May 30, 1434 Labadii Col cadowga isku dhaceen in dagaalka kama dambaysta ah ee Lipan. Prokop qorshaha ahaa guul leh u dhaqan ilaa qaybtii ugu leh counter-attack markii Taborites ogaaday in Utraquists bilowday dib u gurasho khiyaano leh, si ay u horseedi in ay boos raaxo leh.

Xasan maalin ka hor dagaalka daafaca bidix xaggiisa dambe iyo awr hubeysan. iyo awr Tani sugayay signal ee weerarka kedis ah ilaa iyo inta Taborites ay yihiin kuwo aan meel difaaci karin. Ugu dambeyntii, cusub oo ka buuxa Knights xoog weeraraan cadowga, iyo xag ka dib loola cararay tiisa xeradiisa asalka ah. Si dhakhso ah u dhacay iyo tareen sahayda. In difaaca qalcad ah kuwanu waxay ahaayeen madaxda dilay Taborite - Prokop Great iyo Prokop Small. Utraquists guul weyn, taas oo calaamad u ahayd dhammaadkii of dagaalladii Hussite.

waxbarista la micno ah Hussite

Ka dib guuldaradii ee Battle of garabka xag Lipan waxaa ugu danbeyn ka adkaaday. Taborites weli, laakiin ka dib markii 1434, ay marnaba awoodin in uu abaabulo kacdoon ah oo ku saabsan baaxadda leh ee la mid ah dagaal hore. In Czech Republic aasaasay tanaasul iyo wada noolaanshaha of Catholics Utraquists. Utraquists isbedel kala duwan yar ee xafladaha ee adeeg, iyo xusuusta wanaagsan in Jan Hus.

By waaweyn iyo, bulshada Czech ayaa ku soo laabtay xaaladda, kaas oo ka dhacay ka hor kacdoonka. Sidaa darteed, dagaalladii Hussite ma noqonin mid horseeda in qaar ka mid ah isbedel xagjirka ah ee nolosha ee dalka. Isla mar ahaantaana, ridayo oo ka gees ah kufaar sababay burbur weyn dhaqaalaha ee Czech Republic. Central Europe a labaatan sano dhowr nabrihiisu dagaal ku bogsiinaya.

Natiijooyinka dheeraad ah oo dhaqdhaqaaq Hussite cad noqday wax badan oo kaliya ka dib, markii ay ahayd qarnigii XVI ka, oo dhan Europe bilaabay hannaanka toobad. Waxaa jiray Lutheranism iyo Calvinism. Ka dib markii dagaalkii Soddon Sanno ee 1618-1648 GG. ugu of Europe yimid xorriyadda diimaha. Si loo gaaro guusha ay tani tahay iyo qiimaha dhaqdhaqaaqa Hussite ah, kaas oo ahaa Teegeero in ay toobad.

In kacdoonkii Czech waa mid ka mid ah calaamadaha kibirka qaranka. Guud ahaan dalka, waxaad ka heli kartaa in ay safar ku, kaas oo u oggolaan doona in ay booqdaan dalxiisayaal raadkeeda sida dhaqdhaqaaqa Hussite ah. In Czech Republic ay xumme tahay xusuusta isaga iyo geesiyaal uu of.