Dhacdooyinka of daahfurtay sayniska - Mabda 'Pauli ah

The guulaha ugu weyn ka mid ah physicists ee la soo dhaafay ka shaqeeya beerta qaabka arrinta at heerka of electron-nuclear views, tixraac bilowgii qarnigii la soo dhaafay. Mid ka mid ah xalkaas daraasadda of microworld waxaa lagu gartaa in taariikhda sayniska loo yaqaan "Mabda 'Pauli." By waqtiga u caddaatay in nooca galmada ee ka dhaca ifafaale gudahood eb ah, u xuub-beddelo fikradaha badan oo ku saabsan xaqiiqada jirta qaybaha ka. Waa maxay waxa - galmada ah? Noocan ah unug tiro lagu qiyaaso jireed oo ah qaab ay "qayb" hooseeya hoos oo ma noqon karaan. Tusaale ahaan, gacan ka mid ah idiinna ugu horeysay electron ma noqon karaan wax ka yar 5.29 · 10-11 m kala fog wax ka yar qiimaha this waa sax ahayn, in la yidhaahdo -. Waxay jirin lahaa.

Quantum yihiin fikradaha jirka la yaqaan, kuwaas oo ah mass, xoog, tamarta, ballaarinaya fahamka ee dabiiciga ah ee electrons iyo qayb kale oo uu ka samaysan yahay eb ah. Iyo, dabcan, ku xiran in ay ka hadlaan oo ku saabsan 'blocks dhismaha Caalamka ", ayaa lagu abuuray qalab si ay u qeexo. Tan iyo markaas, gobolka electron ah waxa lagu gartaa afar lambar, loo yaqaan galmada. isu-gaynta kala duwan ee lambaradan waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa muuqaalka buuxa iyo gaarka ah ee electron kasta. Marka ay suurto gal u noqday in lagu qeexo tamarta, boos iyo dalalka gudaha ee electron ah, oo ku saabsan ajandaha helay su'aasha soo socota - iyo sida electrons oo la eb kasta waxay noqon kartaa mid badan, waxay ku yaalaan hareeraha xuduntii? Sidee bay "buuxiyey"? Daraasadda ku saabsan arrintan ayaa keentay in samaynta sharciga, oo hadda loo yaqaan mabda'a saarida Pauli. Waa maxay waxa ay nuxurka?

A wax yar is-waxbarashada

1. eb qaabka ugu fudud uu leeyahay qaybaha ugu muhiimsan - asaasiga ah iyo electrons ee ikhtiyaarkooda u kala horreeyaan ee xarunta iyo kastana falagiisuu dhex agagaarka xuduntii. Fatuuq ee Galaatiya ah (muujinaysaa n) qaataan qiyamka abyoonayaasha laga bilaabo mid ka mid ah galmada - ugu yaraan ay suurtagal tahay "qaybood" meel fog. Waayo, kiiska marka n = 1, waxaan leenahay idiinna ugu hooseeya "hooseeyo", at taas oo electron ka dhigeeysa tamarta ugu hooseeya. Heerka tamarta ee electron ah waxaa lagu go'aamiyaa tirada galmada n, kaas oo sidoo kale loo yaqaan maamulaha. Ogsoonow in gacan la siiyo of n xisaabinta kartaa tirada electrons kastana falagiisuu dhex this by formula ah N = 2 (n • n). Tani waxay si fudud u tiro xisaabiyaa xadka of electrons on falagiisuu la kasta tirada n: marka hore ka - laba, labaad - siddeed saddexaad - siddeed iyo toban, iwm Tani gabagabo ah buuxintii of rasaasta ka qadarkuu of electrons aan ka badnayn N, - waa meel muhiim ah oo ka kooban mabda'a saarida Pauli.

2. tamarta Electronic oo waxay yeelan karaan sublayers heer kasta oo weyn. Waxay yihiin muujinaysaa by l, loo yaqaan dhinaca (ama orbital) tirada galmada oo waxay yeelan karaan qiimaha ka l 0 ilaa 4. Qiimaha l go'aaminaya qaabka aan ollogga daruur electron ah: spherical, dumbbell, iwm

3. dhaqdhaqaaqa ee electron ah, in si kale loo dhigo, socodka hadda keenaysaa in abuurka beer wareeg magnetic. Laakiin kiiskan, electron ku orbital waa la joogo magnetic, taas oo ah waxa lagu gartaa kale, saddexaad, ee ml tirada galmada. Waxaa lagu magacaabaa magnetic tirada galmada iyo qiyaas ah oo hadda orbital of electron ah jihada field magnetic. The qiyamka in qaadan kartaa tirada ml, been kala duwan ee ka -l in + l, iyadoo qiimaha eber, oo dhan oo iyaga ka mid noqon kara (2l + 1).

4. Ugu danbayntii, sifo la soo dhaafay ee electron galmada - wareejin. Waxay ka kooban tahay laba kaliya Ms feature = + 1/2 iyo Ms = -1 / 2. Nuxurka jirka ah ee wareejin - daqiiqad farsamo ee dhaqaajinta electron ah, taas oo wax xiriirr ah la ay dhaqdhaqaaq in meel bannaan oo.

Isgaarsiinta ee mabda'a Pauli iyo nidaamka wareegsan DI Mendeleev

In 1925 daahfurka in physics ka mid ah guryaha asaasiga ah ee microworld waxaa laga sameeyey u dhigma in muhiimadda kaliya miiska Mendeleev ah. Waxaa helay magaca uu "la'yihiin" ayaa tan iyo markii loo yaqaan mabda'a saarida Pauli. Chemistry sida sayniska ee qalabka iyo isdhexgalka gudahooda qaabka nidaamka wareegsan ma sharixi kartaa badan oo ka mid ah hababka u ah hababka loo qaadan meel at ururka of atamka, taagoo, iyo waxbarashada, iwm Sababta ugu weyn ee ay ahayd in heerka faahfaahin la eb ka, marka la eego chemistry, wuxuu bilaabay muhiimka ah fikradaha la eb electron. Kuwani fikradaha qaaradda-kelli ayaa ka soo baxay oo naftooda ku saabsan 150 sano ka hor la aasaasay - qarnigii sagaal iyo tobnaad. Wax yar ka dib, AHAY Butlerof horumariyo aragti ah oo kiimiko ah, ka dibna waxaa la soo ban sharciga wareegsan. Tani waxay inoo ogolaatay in ay soo bandhigaan dhalashada taagoo ka atamka iyo siiyo fahamka "dhaqaalaha" ee qaaradda ka mid ah qalabka.

Fahamka nuxurka oo ka mid ah sifooyinka galmada ee model electron noqday ka dib markii la diyaariyey by mabda'a Pauli ah. waxa la helay sharaxaad ku saabsan heshiis qolof sawirka iyo amarka of buuxinta electrons. Nuxurka of mabda'a ah waa in electrons ku yeelan karaan isku darka wax kasta oo kor ku xusan afar qaababka galmada la eb laakiin ma ka kooban karaa laba electrons, isku dhammaan sifooyinka galmada.

natiijada ugu weyn ee helitaanka qaab-dhismeedka qaaradda sharciyada, taas oo ka kooban mabda'a saarida Pauli - physics, ie, dabiiciga ah oo ka mid ah ifafaale, kaas oo ka kooban buuxinta electrons qolof ah. Markaasaa waxaa taas wada, markeeda, siiyey asalka ah si ay u taageeraan sharciga wareegsan. Sidaas darteed, "ayuu kiimikada" ka kooban yahay qaab-dhismeedka guud ee atamka iyo taagoo sharciyada helay ay leeyahay aasaasiga ah ee physics by dhisayo "naqshadaha" gudaha eb ah.