Dariiqooyinka loo soo saaro biraha. Noocyada Alloys. Diyaarinta Biraha alkali

nin Modern in uu nolol maalmeedka waxa ku wareegsan kala duwan ee biraha. waxyaabaha aan isticmaalo intooda badan, kiimikooyinka, kuwaas oo ay joogaan. Waxaa oo dhan ku dhacay sababta oo ah dadka ayaa helay siyaabo kala duwan si loo soo saaro biraha.

Waa maxay biraha a

Kuwani walxaha qiimo leh oo loogu talagalay dadka ku hawlan chemistry imanba. Helitaanka Biraha ogolaanaya qofka si loo abuuro farsamo ka kaamilsan, hagaajinaysaa nolosheena. Maxaad ay matalaan? Ka hor inta aan tixgelin doonna hababka caadiga ah ee soo saara birta, waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la fahmo waxa ay yihiin. Biraha waa koox ka mid ah xubno ka kiimikada ee foomka of walxaha fudud isagoo guryaha sifo:

• kaamerada iyo conductivity korontada,

• ductility sare;

• iftiimo.

Nin si fudud iyaga kala saari karaa ka walxaha kale. Muuqaalka caan ku dhan Biraha waa joogitaanka iftiimo gaar ah. ka milicsiga ee rays iftiin dhacayay dushiisa ha ku seegi uu yimaado. Gloss - waa hanti guud oo dhan biraha, laakiin waxaa inta badan si cad u muujiyey in lacag.

Maanta, saynisyahano helay 96 ka mid ah xubno ka kiimikada, in kastoo aan kulligoodna waxaa lagu aqoonsan by sayniska rasmi ah. Waxay kala qaybsan yihiin kooxo ku xiran tahay guryaha sifo ay soo jireenka ah. Sayidka Biraha yihiin kuwa soo socda:

• cawaaqib xumadoodu waxay - 6;

• cawaaqib xumadoodu waxay - 6;

• guurka - 38;

• khafiif - 11;

• semimetals - 7;

• lanthanides - 14;

• actinides - 14.

biraha helitaanka

Si aad u abuurta daawaha waa in marka hore helaan bir ka ore dabiiciga ah. xubno Native - kuwani waa walxaha in waxa laga helaa dabiicadda ee gobolka free. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid platina, dahab, iyo qasacad iyo Meerkuridu. Waxay kala nijaasta ahaa mashiin ama by reagents kiimikada.

The Biraha harsan yihiin bixiyay daawaynta xeryahooda ah. Waxay waxaa laga helaa macdano kala duwan. Ore - this macdanta iyo dhagaxyadii, kuwaas oo ka kooban xeryahooda birta sida oxides, carbonates, ama sulfides. Waayo, wax soo saarka la isticmaalayo daawada kiimikada.

Hababka loo helo Biraha:

• kabashada oxides carbon;

• daasadda ka aqbaliddoodii daasadda dhagax;

• wax soo saarka oo bir ah ee kabka ka iron ore ,

• gubashadii xeryahooda baaruud in Foornooyinka gaar ah.

Si loo fududeeyo helitaanka biraha ka dhagaxyada ore waxaa lagu daray iyaga walaxyo kala duwan waxay u yeedhay fluxes. Waxay kaa caawin saar nijaasta aan la rabin sida dhoobada, nuuradda, ciid. Sida ka dhashay geedi socodka waxa ay soo saartay xeryahooda fusible yeedhay slag.

In jiritaanka xaddi weyn ee nijaasta ahaa ka hor inta dikhaw ore biraha ku hodanaynta by saarayo wuxuu qayb weyn oo ka mid ah qaybaha aan loo baahnayn. Waxaa ugu ballaaran loo isticmaalo hababka daaweynta this - sabeynta, magnetic iyo habka gravitational.

biraha alkali

Mass helo bir alkali - geedi socod adag. Tan waxa u sabab xaqiiqada ah in la ogaado in nooca kaliya ee foomka of kiimiko ah. Tan iyo markii ay yaraynta wakiilada, iyagoo diyaarinta Ulasocto qiimaha tamarta oo sarreeya. Waxaa jira siyaabo dhowr ah oo loo helo Biraha alkali:

• Li la diyaarin karaa ka xabagta in vacuo ama by dhalaalisa electrolysis ay chloride sameeyay inta lagu guda jiro spodumene baaraandegidda.

• Sodium bixiyay by galidda la ash dhuxusha ee crucibles shaabadeeyey ama electrolysis chloride of dhalaalid ee dheeriga ah calcium. Habka koowaad waa waqti-Cunidda ugu.

• Kaliumpermanganat helay electrolysis dhalaalid ama cusbada ay, uumiga sodium marayay ay chloride. Sidoo kale waxa la aasaasay by ficil hydroxide a potassium la shubay iyo sodium dareere at heerkul ah 440 ° C.

• Cesium iyo rubidium bixiyay by celinta ay chloride calcium at 700-800 ° C ama zirconium at 650 ° C. Diyaarinta biraha alkali sidan yahay tamar aad u degdeg ah oo qaali ah.

Farqiyada u dhexeeya Biraha iyo Alloys

In mabda'a, xuduud cad ka dhaxeeya Biraha iyo Alloys ay gebi ahaanba aan jirin, tan iyo xataa ugu saafi ah, walxaha fudud yihiin tiro yar oo nijaasta. Sidaas waxa ku kala duwan yihiin waxa u dhaxeeya? Ku dhowaad dhammaan biraha loo isticmaalo warshadaha iyo waaxyaha kale ee dhaqaalaha, waxaa loo isticmaalaa foomka of Alloys helay isagoo intaa ku daray in ay si ujeedo element kiimikada weyn ee qaybaha kale.

Alloys

Technology waxay u baahan tahay kala duwan ee qalabka biraha. Xaaladdan oo kale, xubno ka kiimikada saafi ah aan ficil ahaan loo isticmaalo, maxaa yeelay, iyagu ma ay leeyihiin sifooyinka loo baahan yahay si dadka. Waayo, baahidooda waxaan ku abuurtay hababka kala duwan ee soo saara Alloys. Ereygan waxaa loola jeedaa wax macroscopically u simanyihiin, kaas oo ka kooban labo ama ka badan oo xubno ka kiimikada. War sidee qaybaha macdan ah Adkaanno in daawaha. walax waxa uu leeyahay qaab-dhismeedkoooda gaar ah. In Alloys la kala saaro qaybaha soo socda:

• aasaaska, oo ka kooban hal ama in ka badan birta;

• daro yar oo bedelayaan iyo alloying xubno;

• nijaasta undeleted (habka, dabiiciga ah, random).

Taasi Alloys bir yihiin waxyaabaha ugu waaweyn ee dhismaha. In technology, waxaa jira in ka badan 5,000.

noocyada kala duwan ee Alloys

Inkastoo ay kala duwan this ee Alloys, dadka intooda badan ka ciyaari qiimaha kuwa kaas oo ku salaysan yihiin birta iyo aluminium. Waxaa kuwaasina waa kuwa inta badan laga helaa nolol maalmeedka. Noocyada Alloys way kala duwan yihiin. Waxaa intaa dheer, waxay ku kala qaybsan yihiin sida uu sheegay dhowr shuruudaha. Tan iyo markii ay jiraan habab kala duwan oo soo saarka Alloys. Sida laga soo xigtay shuruudan, waxay u qaybsan yihiin:

• daawaha, taas waxaa laga heli by crystallization qaybaha dhalaalisa milmay ah.

• Powder, adigoo isticmaalaya riixo ee isku dar ah ee budo iyo sintering xiga heerkulka sare. Oo marar badan qaybaha Alloys oo kale waa ma aha oo kaliya xubno ka kiimikada fudud, laakiin xeryahooda kala duwan sida carbides of titanium ama tungsten Alloys ee adag ee. iyaga oo intaa ku daray in tiro kala duwan beddeli guryaha ee macdan ah qalabka.

Hababka diyaarinta Alloys qaab article a dhammeeyayna ama workpiece waa la kala:

• ridaya (silumin, birta tuuri);

• deformable (steel);

• budada (tungsten titanium).

noocyada Alloys

Dariiqooyinka loo soo saaro biraha way kala duwan yihiin, oo sidaas macmalay lagugu iyaga qalabka leeyihiin guryaha kala duwan. In ka Alloys gobolka adag yihiin:

• arkaayey (uniform), oo ka kooban kiristaalo of nooca la mid ah. Waxaa badanaa loo yaqaan keli-waji.

• kal (Nuurre Aw), loo yaqaan multi-wajiga. Marka Gaalada lagu helay in salka daawaha loo qaato sida xal adag (wajiga furta). Qaab dhismeedka walxaha Nuurre Aw noocan ah waxay ku xiran tahay kooban xubno kiimikada ay. Alloys noocan oo kale ah waxaa ka mid ah qaybaha soo socda: xalal adag interstitial iyo substitutional, kiimiko (carbides, xeryahooda intermetallic, nitrides), crystallites walxaha fudud.

guryaha daawaha

Wax kasta oo hababka soo saaro biraha iyo Alloys waxaa loo isticmaalaa, guryaha ay si buuxda u go'aamiyo qaab dhismeedka crystal of marxaladaha iyo microstructure qalabkan. Mid kasta oo iyaga ka mid ah waa kala duwan. The guryaha sheybaarada waaweyn ee Alloys ku xiran ay microstructure. Iyagu waa kiis kasta kala duwanaayeen sifooyinka marxaladda ay ku tiirsan oo keliya qaab-dhismeedka crystal mid ah waxyaabaha la soo. homogeneity sheybaarada waaweyn ee Nuurre Aw Alloys (multiphase) helay qaybinta direyska ah ee wejiyada ee maxalka furta oo bir ah.

The guryaha ugu muhiimsan ee daawaha waxaa loo arkaa inay weldability. Haddii kale, waxay yihiin macdanaha isku mid. Sayidka, Alloys leeyihiin conductivity kaamerada iyo korontada, ductility iyo reflectivity (gloss).

Alloys kala duwan

Hababka kala duwan ee soo saara Alloys ayaa loo ogol yahay qofka hindiso tiro badan oo ah qalab macdan ah isagoo guryaha iyo sifooyinka kala duwan. Sida laga soo xigtay ujeedada ay u qaybsan yihiin kooxaha soo socda:

• Dhismayaasha (steel, duralumin, bir). Kooxdan waxaa ka mid ah, Alloys leh guryaha gaarka ah. Sidaas daraaddeed waxay ku kala duwan yihiin guryaha asal ahaan ammaan ah ama anti-xoqidda. Waxaa ka mid ah naxaas, iyo naxaas ah.

• Si aad u buuxiso saa'idka (Babbitt) ah.

• Wixii kulaylinta korontada iyo qalabka lagu qiyaaso (nichrome, manganin).

• Waayo, wax soo saarka ee jarida qalab (guuleysan).

In wax soo saarka ee ay dadku u isticmaalaan noocyada kale ee qalabka macdan ah sida low-barafku, kulaylka u adkaysta, daxalka u adkaysta iyo Alloys qaab ma lahayn. Sidoo kale si ballaaran tahay magnet iyo thermoelectrics (selenide teluridy iyo bismuth, lead, midabyo iyo kuwa kale) la isticmaalay.

ferroalloy

Ku dhowaad dhammaan bir ah laga dhalaaliyaa in dunida la faray in ay wax soo saarka ee fudud iyo steels daawaha. Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in wax soo saarka ee birta doofaarka. Alloys bir helay ay caan sabab u tahay xaqiiqda ah in hantiyi guryaha faa'iido aadanaha. Waxay la helay ay ku daray in element ah kiimikada fudud oo ka mid ah qaybaha kala duwan. Sayidka, inkastoo xaqiiqda ah in Alloys kala duwan birta soo saaray iyadoo ay ku saleysan walax kaliya, steels iyo birta kabka leeyihiin guryaha kala duwan. Sababo la xiriira waxay yihiin dhinacyo kala duwan oo ka mid ah codsiga. steels intooda badan ka adag yahay birta. habab kala duwan oo loo adeegsado diyaarinta Biraha, kuwaas oo u ogolaan in ay hesho darajooyinka kala duwan (fasalka) ee Alloys bir ah kuwan.

guryaha hagaagay ee Alloys ah

Iyada oo alloying Biraha iyo qaar ka mid ah xubno kale oo ka heli kartaa qalabka oo leh sifooyin wanaagsanaaday. Tusaale ahaan, xoog dhalidda ee aluminium daahir yahay 35 MPA. In diyaarinta daawaha biraha la copper (1.6%), amayno (5.6%), magnesium (2.5%) index ka badan 500 oo maalmihii lasoo dhaafay.

Maaddaama ay saamiga kala duwan xarunta of walxaha kiimikada kala duwan laga heli karaa qalabka macdan leh guryaha magnetic, kulka ama korontada wanaagsanaaday. Doorka ugu muhiimsan ee habkan waa qaab-dhismeedka daawaha ka dhigan qaybinta a kiristaalo iyo nooca bonds dhexeeya atamka ka.

Steel oo bir ah

Alloys Kuwan waxaa soo saaray xeryahooda oo bir ah iyo carbon (2%). In wax soo saarka ee qalabka alloyed daray iyaga nickel ah, chromium, vanadium. Dhammaan noocyada caadiga ah ee steel u qaybsan yahay:

• carbon hooseeya (0,25% carbon) loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee dhismayaasha kala duwan;

• carbon sare (in ka badan 0.55%) waxaa loogu talagalay wax soo saarka ee jarida qalabka.

noocyada kala duwan ee steels daawaha waxaa loo isticmaalaa injineernimada farsamada, iyo alaabooyinka kale ee.

daawaha ah oo bir ah la carbon, taas oo ah boqolkiiba 2-4% waxaa loo yaqaan birta doofaarka. Halabuurka The ee wax this ka mid ah Silicon. Oo ka mid ah waxyaabaha kala duwan ee birta kabka isagoo guryaha farsamo wanaagsan.

Biraha Non-ferrous

Waxa intaa dheer in gudoohoda, iyo xubno kale oo loo isticmaalo in laga sameeyo noocyo kala duwan oo qalab bir. Sidaas darteed xeryahooda waa Alloys non-ferrous. In nolosha, qof ayaa laga helay waxyaabaha dalabka ugu weyn oo ku saleysan:

• Copper, naxaas yeedhay. Waxay ka kooban 5-45% zinc. Haddii content waa 5-20%, iyo naxaasta loo yaqaan casaan, iyo haddii 20-36% - huruud ah. Waxaa jira Alloys copper la Silicon, iyo waxa daasadda, beryllium, aluminium. Waxay yihiin yeedhay bronzes. Waxaa jira dhawr nooc oo ah Alloys kuwan.

• hoggaami oo wakiil ka ah Alxan ah caadiga ah (tretnik). In daawaha this, 1 qayb ka mid ah pripadaet kiimikada 2 qaybood iyo waxa daasadda. In wax soo saarka ee saa'idka Babbitt loo isticmaalo kaas oo daawaha ah hogaanka, iyo waxa daasadda, arsenic iyo midabyo.

• aluminium, titanium, magnesium iyo beryllium, kuwaas oo Alloys non-ferrous isagoo xoogga sare iyo guryaha farsamo heer sare ah oo khafiifa.

Hababka diyaarinta

Hababka ugu weyn ee helitaanka Biraha iyo Alloys:

• macdantu at kaas oo solidification ee isku dar ah oo dhqaalaha of qaybaha kala duwan la shubay. Waayo, Alloys la isticmaalayo habab pyrometallurgical loo helo iyo biraha electrometallurgical. muuqashadii koowaad waxaa loo isticmaalaa in lagu kululeeyo tamarta kulka cayriin keentay inta ay socoto sari. Helay by steel pyrometallurgical in Foornooyinka-meesheeda dabka furan iyo birta ah ee Foornooyinka qaraxa. Marka feedstock habka electrometallurgical la kululeeyo ee ARC ama suuxdinta Foornooyinka korontada. Xaaladdan oo kale, wax ka rasslavlyaetsya cayriin si dhakhso ah.

• Powder, Gudaheedana waxaa ku budo ah qaybaha loo isticmaalo soo saarida daawaha ah. Sababo la xiriira iyaga oo riixaya in la siiyo qaab gaar ah, ka dibna sintered in Foornooyinka gaar ah.