Ciidamada Soviet Air (VVS USSR): taariikhda duulista military Soviet

Taariikhda duulista military Soviet bilaabay 1918. Soviet Air Force ayaa waxaa isku mar la aasaasay ciidan dalka ku cusub. In 1918-1924 GG. ayaa lagu magacaabay Workers 'iyo beeralay' Red Fleet, ee 1924-1946 GG. - Ciidamada Cirka ee Red Army. Waxa ay ahayd oo kaliya ka dib dagaalkii labaad ee dunida waxaa jiray magaca caadiga ah ee Air Force USSR ah, kuwaas oo ku sugnaa ilaa iyo burburkii qaranka ee Soviet.

madax

Walaaca ugu horeysay ee Bolsheviks ka dib markii ay u awood noqday halgan hubaysan la "cad". Dagaalkii Sokeeye iyo dhiigga daadanaya loo arag lagumana qasbi karo in lagu sameeyo iyada oo la dhisayo ciidan, badda iyo hawada ciidan xoog leh. Iyadoo diyaaradaha weli curiosities, iyo mass-miirashada xoogaa bilaabay ka dib. Ruush Empire tagay dhaxal awoodda Soviet hal qaybsameen, taas oo ka koobnayd model ah loo yaqaan "Ilya Muromets". Kuwani C-22 wuxuu noqday saldhig u tahay mustaqbalka Air Force Soofiyeeti.

In 1918, waxaa jiray 38 squadrons, iyo in 1920 ay raxan Ciidamada Cirka - horeba 83. Marka xaquuqda aadanaha ee Dagaalkii Sokeeye lug ku dhowaad 350 diyaaradaha. Hoggaamiyeyaasha RSFSR ee weli samaynayso wax walba si loo badbaadiyo iyo ka badbadiya Ballooning dhaxal ahaan boqornimada. Taliyaha ugu horeysay Soviet diyaaradaha ee madax ahaa Konstantin Akashev, kuwaas oo lagu qabtay meel this ee 1919-1921.

calaamad

mustaqbalka calanka Air Force USSR la ansixiyay ee 1924 (marka hore waxaa loo tixgeliyaa inay calanka aerodrome ah qaababka duulista iyo unugyada). maro Background noqday qorraxda. In dhexe waxay ahayd sawirka xiddig cas, waxaa gudaha - ku qabsatay dubbe iyo sickle. Markaasaa waxaa characters kale la garan karo, lacag bararka baalal iyo garbaha rafaasad.

Sida Raayada calanka Air Force USSR la ansixiyay 1967. image ayaa waxa uu noqday mid aad u caan ah. isaga ku saabsan ma illoobo xitaa ka dib burburkii USSR. Marka tan la eego, sanadkii 2004 waxaan ka helnay calanka la mid ah ee Federation Air Force Ruush ah. farqiga u tahay qof yar: Xiddiga cas yaraaday, dubbe iyo sickle, waxaa jiray qoriga lidka diyaaradaha.

Horumarinta ee 1920-1930-mada.

Taliyeyaasha Dagaalkii Sokeeye, lahaa in uu abaabulo ciidamada qalabka sida mustaqbalka ee USSR ee shuruudaha fowdo iyo jahwareer. Kaliya ka dib markii guuldarro oo ka mid ah dhaqdhaqaaqa "cad" iyo abuurista dawlad isku xidhan fursad si ay u bilaabaan habeynta caadi ah diyaaradda. In 1924, the Workers 'iyo beeralay' Red Air Fleet waxaa magacooda loo baxshay Army Red Ciidamada Cirka ah. Waxaa jira maamulka ciidanka cirka cusub.

In waaxda gaar ah ayaa loo habayn qarax, kaas oo la sameeyay ugu horumarsan wakhtigaas iyo legkobombardirovochnye Qiimeynta Oo Qarax culus. In 1930 oo aad u kordhay tirada dagaalyahanada iyo share sirdoonka, on lid ku ah, hoos u. Waxaa jiray diyaarad badan loo marka hore (sida P-6 dhisay Andrei Tupolev). mashiinada waxaa laga yaabaa inuu si siman wax ku ool ah si ay ugu adeegaan sida qarax, qarxiyayaal toorbiidyo iyo dagaalka wehel long-range.

In 1932, ciidamada qalabka sida ee Midowga Soofiyeeti helay nooc cusub oo ka mid ah ciidamada hawada. In hawada uu gaadiidka iyo sahan qalab u gaar ah. Saddex sano ka dib, inkastoo xeerkii aasaasay socday dagaalkii sokeeye ee ka, madaxda cusub ee ciidamada ayaa la soo bandhigay. Haddaba Duuliyayaasha Ciidamada Cirka ee si toos ah u noqdaan askarta. Derbiyada oo ka mid ah dugsiyada hooyo iyo dugsiyada duulaya, mid kasta oo ka tagay la darajo ah Sarreeye labaad.

By 1933, model taxane cusub "I" (ka I-2 inay I-5) ayaa la sheegay Ciidamada Cirka ee USSR. Waxay ahaayeen dagaalyahanada-biplanes, horumariyo Dmitriem Grigorovichem. Waayo, shan iyo toban sano ee hore ee raxan ah Soviet diyaarad military ku daray in 2.5. Saamiga baabuurta laga keeno ayaa waxaa hoos u dhigay boqolkiiba dhawr.

Ciidamada Cirka ee fasaxa

In la mid ah ee 1933 (sida ay go'aanka Golaha Commissars Dadka) waxaa la aasaasay by Soviet Maalinta Ciidamada Cirka ah. Sida taariikhda oo iidaya in Sovnarkome doortay August 18. Rasmi ah, maalintii ugu horraysay lagu tiriyaa inay ku beeganto dhamaadka tababarka xagaaga sanadlaha ah. By dhaqan, fasaxa uu noqday weheliso tartamo kala duwan oo ku saabsan farsamada ee tababarka pilotage, xeelad iyo dab, iyo wixii la mid ah. D.

Maalinta Ciidamada Cirka ah ee USSR la isticmaalay si kor loogu qaado duulista rayidka ah iyo military ku dhex tacsida proletarian Soviet. The dabaal on munaasabadda sanad guuradii goob joog ka ahaa wakiillo ka socda warshadaha, Osoaviahima iyo Madaniga Air Fleet. fasaxa The Center ee sanadlaha ahaa Airporka Dhexe magacaabay ka dib markii Mikhail Frunze ee Moscow.

Munaasabadan ayaa ugu horeysay soo jiidatay dareenka of xirfadlayaasha ma aha oo kaliya iyo dadka dagan caasimada, laakiin sidoo kale kooxda martida badan oo magaalada, iyo sidoo kale wakiilo ka rasmiga ah ee dalalka shisheeye. Holiday ma uu samayn karin oo aan ka qaybgalka Iosifa Stalina, xubno ka mid ah golaha dhexe ee CPSU ah (b) iyo dawladda.

mar isbedel

In 1939, Ciidamada Air Soofiyeeti ka badbaaday reformatting kale. Ururkood hore demiska ayaa lagu bedelay qaybta a dheeraad ah oo casri ah iyo regimental. Iyada oo dib u habaynta, hoggaanka ciidamada Soviet doonayay in la kordhiyo saameynta Duulista. Ka dib markii Isbadal, a unit taatikada Force aasaasiga ah ee cusub - guutada (waxay ka koobnayd 5 koox dad ah, kuwaas oo guud ahaan waa 40 ilaa 60 diyaaradaha).

Habeeynimadii of War Great Patriotic, saamiga weerar oo ismiidaamin diyaaradaha ahayd 51% of raxan guud. Sidoo kale qayb ka mid ah Air Force USSR ka mid ahaa dagaal iyo sirdoonka xidhiidhada. In dalka u shaqeeya 18 dugsi oo ku yaalla derbiyada diyaariya shaqaalaha cusub ee duulista military Soviet. habka waxbaridda waxaa si tartiib tartiib ah casriyeeyey. Inkasta oo markii hore joogta ah ee shaqaalaha Soviet (duuliye, hageyaasha, farsamo, iyo wixii la mid ah. D.) Behind tiradaasi u dhigma ee wadamada, sannadba sannadka ka danbeeya, farqiga in la sii yaraanaysaa la taaban karo.

waayo-aragnimo The Spanish

Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ka dib markii nasasho dheer, ee diyaaradaha Air Force Soviet ayaa la tijaabiyey in dagaalka intii uu socday Dagaalkii Isbaanish ah Civil, oo waxay bilaabeen in 1936. Midowga Soofiyeeti taageeray saaxiibtinimo "tagay" Xukuumadda, kuwaas oo la Ummadda la dirireen. From Midowga Soofiyeeti u tageen inay Spain, ma qalab military oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale iskaa wax duuliye. Waxaa aad u fiican si ay isu muujiyaan I-16, kaas oo awooday in ay naftooda ka badan ayaa wax ku ool badan kii ay sameeyeen ku diyaaradaha Luftwaffe muujiyaan.

waayo-aragnimo ah in helay duuliye Soviet ee Spain, cadaato qiimo. casharo badan oo bartay fallaadho ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sahan anteenada. ka Spain soo laabtay, khubaro ayaa si degdeg ah siyaadinay adeega, in bilowgii Patriotic War Weyn, kuwa badan oo iyaga ka mid ah waxay noqdeen kornayladii iyo Guud. By markii ugu olole dibada beegantay dabarka ee denbigana Stalin weyn ee ciidanka. Cadaadis taabtay iyo diyaaradaha. NKVD helay takhaluso badan oo dad ah oo leh "cad" la diriray.

War Great Patriotic

The colaadaha ee 1930 waxay muujisay in Air Force Soofiyeeti gudaheedana sinaba uma ay liita Yurub. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, soo dhowaanayso dagaal adduunka oo ah tartanka hubka loo arag biloowday in World Hore. Well-aasaasay Spain, I-153 iyo I-15 waqtiga weerarka German on Midowga Soofiyeeti waxay mar hore ku noqon huriye. Bilowgii dagaalkii Great Patriotic guud ahaan ahaa musiibo ah Air Force Soofiyeeti. Ciidamada cadowga soo duulay dalka si lama filaan ah, ay sabab u tahay taas lama filaan ah ku helay faa'iido aad u weyn. airfields Soviet in soohdimaha galbeedka waxaa la soo dersay duqeyn ba'an. In ka saacadood ee ugu horeeya ee dagaalka wada baabbi'iyey tiro badan oo diyaarad cusub, oo aan u suurtagashay in ay ka baxaan hangars ay (sida lagu sheegay qiyaaso kala duwan, tiradaasi waxay ahayd ilaa 2 kun).

warshadaha Soviet daadgureeyay lahaa si ay u xaliyaan dhibaatooyinka dhowr mar. First, Air Force Soviet u baahan yahay samaynaysaa deg deg ah kor u khasaaraha, iyada oo aan taas oo ay ahayd wax aan macquul aheyn in ay soo bandhigaan dagaalka siman. Second, dagaalka oo dhan samaynta ku sii waday in ay isbedel faahfaahsan u mashiinada cusub, sidaas jawaabaya caqabadaha farsamo cadowga.

Inta badan kuwa afar sano laga cabsado Il-2 iyo Yak-1 ayaa la sii daayay. Labadan daydo wada tiriyaa oo ku saabsan nus ka mid ah raxan diyaaradaha qoyska. "Yak" Guusha ay sabab u ahayd xaqiiqada ah in diyaaradda cadaato boosteejo ah oo ku haboon beddelka iyo hagaajinta badan. model asalka ah, soo bandhigay ee 1940, wax kabadalaya tiro dhowr jeer ah. samaynta Soviet sameeyey ay ugu fiican ee "Yaqui" ma ku Hadhi ka danbeeya in ay horumarka ka Jarmal "Messerschmitt" (sidaas waxaa Yak-3 iyo Yak-9).

By dhexe ee dagaalka hawada, waxaan dhigay sinnaanta ah, oo ka dib ku diyaaradaha Midowga Soviet oo waxay bilaabeen inay sii badnayeen at dhan mashiinada cadowga. Abuuray iyo kuwa kale noqday qarxiyay caan ah, oo ay ku jiraan Tu-2 iyo PE-2. Red Star (rinji on sooctey calaamada USSR / Air Force) ahaa ee duuliye Jarmal calaamad u ah khatar iyo socdo dagaal culus.

Dagaalka looga soo horjeedo Luftwaffe ah

Inta lagu jiro muddada of War Great Patriotic ayaa isbedelay ma aha oo kaliya beerta, laakiin sidoo kale qaab-dhismeedka hay'adeed ee Ciidamada Cirka ah. In guga ee 1942 waxaa jiray a duulista long-range. Xarunta Tani, inuu adeeco Taliska Sare, door muhiim ah inta lagu guda jiro sano ee dagaalka ka hartay. Isaga waxaa la bilaabay in la dhiso ciidammadii hawada. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid ah formation of diyaarad oo dhan hore.

Xaddi weyn oo ilaha maal horumarinta dayactirka kaabayaasha. dukaamada cusub ayaa la si deg deg ah waxaa cusboonaysiiyey oo ku soo laabtay diyaaradaha dagaalka ay waxyeello ka. network dayactirka beerta Soviet waxa uu noqday mid ka mid ah ugu dhex dhammaan hababka la mid ah kaas oo waajibo inta lagu jiro mudada of dagaalkii labaad ee adduunka wax ku ool ah.

dagaalo hawada muhiimka ah ee Midowga Soofiyeeti waxay bilaabeen inay isku dhaceen hawada inta lagu guda jiro Battle of Moscow, Stalingrad iyo Kursk. tirooyinka tilmaan: in 1941 ee ku saabsan 400 oo diyaarad ka qeybqaadatay dagaalka, 1943 tiradaasi ayaa koray in dhowr kun, by dhamaadka dagaalka xuddun u ah oo ku saabsan 7,500 baabuurta oo cirka Berlin ah. Fleet koray heer mar walba sii kordheysa. Inta lagu jiro muddada of warshadaha dagaal oo ka mid ah ciidamada USSR ayaa la soo saaray oo ku saabsan 17 000 diyaaradaha, iyo dugsiyada duulimaadka tababaray 44,000 duuliye (ku dhintay 27 000). Warkii Dagaalkii ka Great Patriotic bilaabay Ivan Kozhedub (badisay 62 guul) iyo Alexander Pokryshkin (inuu credit 59 guul).

caqabadaha cusub

In 1946, wax yar kadib markii dagaal ay la Reich Saddexaad, Ciidamada Cirka ee Ciidanka Cas ayaa loo baxshay Ciidamada Air Soofiyeeti. isbedel dhismayaasha iyo urur leh ayaa saamaysay ma aha oo kaliya diyaaradda, laakiin sidoo kale waaxda difaaca oo dhan. In kasta oo dagaalkii labaad ee dunida ku dhamaaday, dunida sii waday in ay ku sii hoos stress. Waxaa bilowday iska hor imaad cusub - waqtigan u dhexeeya Midowga Soofiyeeti iyo Maraykanka.

Sanadkii 1953 waxaa la abuuray Wasaaradda Difaaca ee USSR. dalalka MIC sii ballaaranaya. Waxaa jiray noocyo cusub oo qalab military oo diyaarad bedelay. Inta u dhaxaysa USSR iyo Maraykanka ayaa bilaabay tartanka hubka. All horumarinta dheeraad ah oo Ciidamada Cirka ah waxaa u jideeyey, in ay hal macquulka ah - ilaa qabsado oo uu gaadhaa America. Design Bureau Sukhoi (Su), Mikoyan iyo Gurevich (MiG) galay ay muddo ugu wax soo saar ee hawsha.

dhalashada ee diyaaradaha jet

post-dagaal-abuurnimo ugu horeeyay ee Epoch-qaadashada waxa la baadhay 1946 diyaaradaha jet. Waxaa bedelay jir technology qalab duugoobay. First Soviet Diyaaradaha steel MiG-9 iyo Yak-15. Waxay ku guuleysteen in ay ka gudbaan sumadda xawaaraha 900 oo kilomitir saacaddii, in uu yahay, waxqabadkooda ayaa jeer iyo badh ka badan lagu daydo hore jiilka.

Waayo, dhowr sano ka waayo-aragnimo guud ee ciidanka cirka ee Soviet inta lagu jiro dagaalkii labaad ee dunida. arrimaha muhiimka ah iyo dhibcood xanuun diyaarad gudaha loo aqoonsaday. Waxay bilaabeen geedi socodka qalabka casriyeynta for horumar ah ee ay raaxada, ergonomics iyo ammaanka. Wixii isbeddel ah (jaakada duulimaadka ee tijaabada ah, qalab ugu yar on guddi ay gacanta) waxaa si tartiib ah qaadato qaab maanta. Wixii saxnimada wanaagsan oo rasaas on diyaaradaha ay bilaabeen in ay ku rakibi nidaamka radar sare.

ammaanka hawada ayaa noqday mas'uul ka ah Ciidamada Difaaca cusub. ah ee difaaca keentay in kala qeybinta dhulka ee Midowga Soofiyeeti tiro ka mid ah qaybaha, taas oo ku xidhan dhawaanshaha soohdinta gobolka. Waayo, nidaamka this sii wadaan in ay kala saaraan duulista (fog oo hore). In la mid ah 1946 oo askari hawada ka hor ka mid ahaayeen Ciidamada Cirka ah, ayaa la go'doonsan in hay'ad gaar ah.

dhaqso badan sanqadha

At Warega of 1940-1950-mada ay diyaaradaha jet Soviet sare bilaabay horumarinta ee gobollada ugu fog ee dalka, North Fog iyo Chukotka. duulimaad ayaa la sameeyay in ka badan masaafo dheer ay sabab u tahay sababo kale. Madaxda Military diyaariyey dhismaha ciidamada-warshadaha Soviet isku dhac ah u suurtoobaan Maraykanka, oo ku yaalla dhinaca kale ee adduunka. Iyada oo isla ujeeddadaas la dhisay Tu-95 - long-distance diyaaradaha qarxiyay istiraatiiji ah. Qodob kale oo ka leexdo iyo horumarinta Air Force Soofiyeeti ku yiil iriddii on hubka hubka nukliyeerka. About horudhaca farsamooyinka cusub ayaa maanta waxaa sida ugu wanaagsan xukumaa ku exposures matxafyada duulista, oo ku yaalla oo ay ku jiraan ee "ee caasimadda dalka Ruushka hawada ah" Zhukovsky. Xitaa waxyaabaha sida dharka ee Air Force USSR iyo qalabka kale ee duuliye Soviet muujiyaan horumar ah ee warshadaha difaaca.

guul kale oo taariikhda duulista military Soviet hadhay, markii 1950, ee MiG-17 ahaa awoodaan in ay ka badan xawaaraha codka. Record samatabbixiyey imtixaanka pilot caanka Ivan Ivashchenko. Waxaa ugu dhakhsaha badan kala diro diyaarad weerar dhacsan. Dhanka kale, cusub "hawada-to-dhulka" gantaalo iyo Air Force ahaayeen "hawada-to-hawada."

Dhamaadkii 1960 waxaa loo loogu talagalay model-qarnigooda saddexaad u ah (tusaale ahaan, MiG-25 ah diyaaradaha dagaalka). mashiinada Kuwani waxa ay awoodaan in ay u soo duuli at xawaaraha saddex jeer xawaaraha codka. wax soo saarka The serial la bilaabay "migovskie"-habeynta qaab sahan-sare sare iyo dagaal-interceptors. diyaaradaha waxay ku si weyn u soo hagaagtay duushay oo soo degtey sifooyinka. Intaa waxaa dheer, waxyaabaha cusub ay ahaayeen kala duwan ee hawlgalka multi-hab.

In 1974, ee Soviet VTOL hore (Yak-38) ayaa loogu talagalay. Beddelidda qalab iyo qalabka pilot. Jaakada Flight noqday raaxo iyo caawimo dheeraad ah si ay u dareemaan raaxo leh xitaa in dollar-dhaaf ah xawaare aalladda sare.

jiilka afaraad

Ugu dambeeyay diyaaradaha Soviet fadhigoodu gayiga Ururka Treaty Warsaw ah. Aviation muddo dheer uusan ka qeyb qaadan khilaaf kasta, laakiin waxa uu soo bandhigay awooddiisa ah inuu layliyo sida "Dnepr" qaaddo, "Berezina", "Dvina" iyo wixii la mid ah. D.

In 1980 waxaa jiray Soviet diyaaradaha jiilka afaraad ee. daydo Kuwani (Su-27, MiG-29, MiG-31, tu-160) waxay ku kala duwanaayeen on amarka of dhaqaajinta wanaagsanaaday. Qaar ka mid ah iyaga ka mid ah ayaa weli ku jira adeeg la Air Force Ruush ah.

ka iman kara waqtiga farsamo ugu dambeeyay shaaca dagaalka Afghanistan, Saciiro sannadaha 1979-1989. qarax Soviet lahaa in ay ku shaqeeyaan xaalado of sirta adag oo dab lidka diyaaradaha joogto ah dhulka. Inta lagu jiro xilli Afghan ayaa la sameeyay oo ku saabsan a million weera ah (this lumay qiyaastii 300 oo helicopters iyo 100 diyaaradaha). In 1986 wuxuu bilaabay inuu horumariyo a mashaariicda diyaarad military shanaad jiilka. Waxtarka ugu muhiimsan tahay tallaabada sameeyey Sukhoi Design Bureau. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, ay sabab u tahay xaaladda sii xumaaneysa ee dhaqaalaha iyo siyaasadda ayaa la ganaaxay, iyo mashaariicda lagu xayiray.

gooye ee la soo dhaafay

Perestroika ay astaan dhowr geeddi socodka muhiim ah. Waa midda koowaade, xiriirka u dhexeeya USSR iyo Maraykanka dambeyntii degeen. Dagaalkii Qaboobaa waa in ka badan, oo hadda Kremlin ee cadowgiis ahayn istiraatiiji ah, tartanka loogu jiro oo waxaa lagama maarmaan ahayd in si joogto ah loo kordhiyo ay adag military-warshadaha gaar ah. Marka labaad, hoggaamiyayaasha labada Kooxahan saxiixay dhowr dokumentiyo durkiya, sida ay taas, bilaabay dhigista wadajir ah.

In dabayaaqadii 1980, bixitaanka hore ee Ciidamada Soviet ka Afghanistan, ma aha oo kaliya, laakiin sidoo kale ka soo dalalka xerada hantiwadaagga horeba. Gaarka ah ee qiyaasta ahaa bixitaanka Ciidamada Soviet ka GDR, halkaas oo ay kooxda sare awood badan. Boqolaal diyaaradaha ayaa guriga ka baxeen. Inta badan inta ka dhiman RSFSR ah, qaar ka mid ah ayaa la qaadaa si Belarus ama Ukraine.

In 1991, waxaa u cadaatay in Midowga Soofiyeeti mar dambe ma jiri karaan in ay qaab mabda'a. Division ee dalka soo galay daraasiin dalalka madax banaan keentay in qaybta ka hor guud ee ciidanka. qaddar Tani ma aha maray iyo diyaaradaha. Russia helay oo ku saabsan 2/3 ka mid ah shaqaalaha iyo 40% oo ka mid ah qalabka of Air Force Soofiyeeti. Inta kale ee dhaxalka u helay 11 Jamhuuriyadda kale Midowga (States Baltic ma qayb qaybta aan qaadan).