Alpha, gamma, shucaaca beta. The sifooyinka qurubyada alfa, gamma, beta

Waa maxay radionuclide ah? Ha baqin ee erayga this: waxaa loola jeedaa si fudud ku isotopes shucaaca. Mararka qaarkood waxaad maqli karo hadalka ereyga "radionuclides" ama doorasho xitaa ka yar suugaanta - ". Radionucleotide" Erayga saxda ah - waa radionuclide ah. Laakiin waa maxay bololka shucaaca? Waa maxay astaamaha noocyada kala duwan ee shucaaca iyo sida ay u kala duwan yihiin? Wax kasta - tan iyo bilowgii.

Qeexitaanka in raajada

Tan iyo jeer kuwa, qaar badan oo ka mid ah fikradaha Raajada beddeleen marka waxaa jiray qarax bam ugu horeeyay ee qaaradda. Halkii "raso qaaradda" in la yidhaahdo "nuclear-nuclear". Halkii, weedha ah "rays shucaaca" waa hadal ah oo "ionizing shucaaca". weedha "isotope shucaaca" waxaa bedelay "radionuclide".

radionuclides Long-dhicisoobay oo muddo kooban ah

Alpha-, strebtokokki iyo habka gamma-shucaaca raaci suuska ee halyeeyada ah qaaradda. Waa maxay muddada bar-nolosha? nuclei radionuclides ma tahay mid deggan - in ay ka isotopes kale deggan kala duwan yihiin. Halkaa marka ay marayso qaar ka mid ah, ka dibna habka of suuska shucaaca. Radionuclides sidaas loo beddelaa isotopes kale, kuwaas oo la timaada inta lagu guda jiro alpha-, strebtokokki iyo gamma-rays. Radionuclides leeyihiin heerar kala duwan oo xasilooni - qaar ka mid ah lagu dhaco boqolaal malaayiin iyo xitaa balaayiin sano gudahood. Tusaale ahaan, dhan isotopes uranium ka dhaca dabeecadda, waa muddo dheer jiray. Waxaa jira kuwa radionuclides in qudhun seconds, maalmood, bilood gudahood. Waxaa loo yaqaan muddo kooban ah.

Emission ee Alfa, beta iyo gamma Qurub ma uu weheliyo suuska kasta. Laakiin dhab ahaantii, suuska shucaac ah oo ay la socdaan warshadu hawada ku of Alfa ama beta kaliya Qurub. Xaaladaha qaarkood, habka this waxaa la socda rays gamma. Saafi ah hawada gamma-ray ma dabiici ah dhacaan. The ka weyn xawaaraha suuska of radionuclide ah, sare ee heerka shucaaca. Qaar ka mid ah waxay aaminsan yihiin in ee dabiiciga ah waxaa jira Alfa, beta, gamma iyo suuska Delta. Tan dhab ma aha. suuska Delta kajirin.

unit cabirka shucaaca

Si kastaba ha ahaatee, waxa loo cabbiro qiimaha this? Shucaaca Cabbiraad noo ogolaadaa in ay muujiyaan xoogga burburkii tiro. unit ee cabbirka ee hawsha radionuclide - Becquerel. 1 becquerel (Bq) macnaheedu waa in 1 suuska dhacdaa 1 sec. Marka cabbirka, kuwaas waxaa loo isticmaalaa qaybta aad u balaaran oo ah qiyaas - curies (CI) 1 CI = 37 billion becquerels.

Dabcan, baahida loo qabo in dhigma mass ka mid ah wax, tusaale ahaan 1 mg 1 uranium mg oo thorium. mass waxqabadka halkii unit ee radionuclide qaaday waxaa loo yaqaan hawlaha gaarka ah. The ka weyn bar-nolosha, shucaaca ka yar oo gaar ah.

Waa kuwee radionuclides khatar ugu weyn?

Tani waa si caddaalad ah su'aal daandaansi ah. Dhinaca mid, muddo kooban ah waa khatar badan, maxaa yeelay, iyagu waa firfircoon. Laakiin ka dib markii ay burburtay dhibaatada aad ee shucaaca lumiyo habboonaanta, halka muddo dheer jiray ay yihiin khatar ah muddo sanado ah.

hawlaha gaarka ah ee radionuclides la hub ah marka la barbar dhigo karo. Waa maxay hubka u noqon lahaa mid khatar badan, waxa ay ka dhigeysaa konton wareeg halkii daqiiqo, ama in dabka mar nus saac? Su'aashani waa wax aan macquul aheyn in ay ka jawaabaan - waxa ay ku xiran hubka waxa heerkiisa badan waxaa lagu soo eedeeyay, in rasaas gaadhi doonaa goolka, waa maxay khasaaraha.

faraqa u dhexeeya noocyada shucaaca

Alpha, gamma iyo shucaaca beta noocyada loo saarin karaa in "heerkiisa" hub. qiiqa waxay leeyihiin wax iska caadi ah oo kala duwan. barta ugu weyn ee - oo dhan oo iyaga ka mid tirsan yihiin halista ionizing shucaaca. Waa maxay qeexitaanka this? tamarta ee ionizing shucaaca awood u leeyahay xaalad degdeg ah. Helitaanka In la eb kale, waxay garaacayaa electrons ay falagiisuu. Marka warshadu hawada ku of Qurub, amarka kala duwan muhiimka ah - waa sidaas sameeyay walax cusub.

dabiiciga ah ee rays Alfa

caadi A u dhaxeeya waa in gamma, beta iyo Alfa shucaac uu leeyahay nooca la mid ah. The rays Alfa ugu horeysay laga helay. Waxay la sameeyey by suuska ee macdanaha culus - uranium, thorium, radon. Horeba ka dib markii ay timid helitaanka rays Alfa, ayaa caddeeyo ay dabiicadda. Waxay ahaayeen duulaya at nuclei helium xawaaraha sare. In si kale loo dhigo, taasi "qaybood" culus laba protons iyo laba neutrons isagoo macalin u wanaagsan. In hawada, rays Alfa jira masaafo aad u gaaban - wax ka badan ah sentimitir yar. Waraaqaha ama, tusaale ahaan, epidermis gebi ahaan la joojiyo shucaaca this.

shucaaca beta

Qurub Beta, furi soo socda, waxay ahaayeen electrons caadiga ah, laakiin waxa uu leeyahay xawaare weyn. Waxay wax badan ka yar qurubyada alfa yihiin, oo kharash yar oo korontada. Qurub Beta lekgo geli qalabka kala duwan. In hawada, waxay ka Adkaan masaafada of dhowr mitir. iyaga oo xiray laga yaabaa in qalabka soo socda: dharka, galaaska, xaashi bir ah oo dhuuban.

The sifooyinka rays gamma

Noocan ah shucaaca waa dabeecada la mid ah sida shucaaca ah, rays infrared ama hirarka raadiyaha. rays gamma yihiin shucaaca photon. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, at photon xawaare aad u sarayso. Noocan ah shucaac si deg deg ah guskiisa iyada oo wax. Si aad u raagin, caadi ahaan loo isticmaalo hogaanka iyo la taaban karo. rays gamma safri kartaa kun oo kiiloomitir.

quraafaad ah oo ku saabsan khataraha

Isbarbar Alfa, gamma iyo shucaaca beta, dadka u muuqdaan in ay u maleynayaa rays gamma ah ayaa ah kuwa ugu khatar ah. Ka dib oo dhan, waxay soo saartay in qaraxyo nuclear, ka adkaan boqollaal kiilomitir oo keeni bukaanka shucaaca. Waxaas oo dhan waa run, laakiin aan si toos ah oo la xidhiidha khatarta shucaaca. Tan iyo markii ay dhacdo in this, waxay yidhaahdaan waa ay xoog cabaar. Dabcan, alpha-, strebtokokki iyo gamma-rays way kala duwan yihiin arrintan la xiriira. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, halista la qiimeeyo oo aan cabaar iyo nuugo dose. index Tani waxaa loo xisaabiyaa in joules halkii kiilo (J / kg).

Sayidka, ka dose of shucaaca nuugo ee jajabka cabbiro. Its sareeyaha ma aha xaddiga Alfa, gamma iyo beta qayb ka, kuwaas oo tamarta. Tusaale ahaan, shucaac gamma laga yaabaa adag ama jilicsan. Arintaan ayaa tamarta hoose. Sii eegtahay hub ah, waxaan dhihi karaa, waayo, waa heerkiisa uu yahay xabada ma aha oo kaliya, iyo waxa muhiim ah in ka kaas oo tallaalka - butukha ama Kai.