Xulafadooda Ruush ee Dagaalkii Adduunka ahaayeen kuwa?

Inta lagu jiro qarnigii XIX ah, ku dhowaad dhammaan wadamada ugu waaweyn ee dunida waxay ku jireen xaalad ah iska hor imaad u furan, iyadoo ay sabab u, ma aha oo kaliya in ay go'aan ka mustaqbalka ee Europe. dalalka hormoodka: Britain, France, Russia, Germany, iyo in yar oo mar dambe, iyo Austria-Hungary - aan ku qanacsanayn xaaladdooda dhaqaale, oo ninna u sii socotay inay u dhimayaan.

horumar ah ma uusan joojin xiriirka dhiig xataa dhow - taliyayaashii Russia, England iyo Germany ahaayeen qaraabada. Iskusoo wada duuboo, halka gelinaya danaha qaranka.

Waxaa sidaas waxay u noqotay in ku xulafadooda ugu muhiimsan ee Russia ee Dagaalkii Adduunka ahaayeen UK iyo France.

In la eegaayo in xaalad adag, dalalka badan oo ay leeyihiin warshado la gediyay baahiyaha ciidamada. On sahayda ciidamada shaqeeyay hub, Baaruud, snarjadnye, rasaas, Dhismaha maraakiibta iyo tas-hiilaadka kale ee warshadaha.

danaha qaranka Russia ee

Sida aad ogtahay, sababta dagaalka dhaqmeen sida dilkii Archduke Ferdinand F. iyo xaaskiisa, oo wadaninimo ah Serbian ee 1914 ee Sarajevo.

Laakiin dabcan, taasi ma ahaa sababta dhabta ah.

Waayo, Russia, waxaa loo baahan yahay in la xeeriyo xiriirka dhaqaale leh Europe, kaas oo kaalin wayn ka qaadatay horumarinta Germany Ganacsiga iyo Austria-Hungary. wax soo saarka warshadaha ka soo Germany "dhaqaaqay ah" Russia, iyada oo jagooyinka ay ganacsi dhaqanka iyo sidoo kale bilaabay inuu buuxiyo suuqa guryaha.

Tani state of arrimaha laakiin ma keeni karaa walaac ka mid ah dadka dhulka badan oo dalka iyo ku nool, iyada oo ganacsato taajiriin ah warshadaha. Gaar ahaan, walaac, kuwaas waxaa taageera Petersburg.

Isla mar ahaantaana, Germany waxaa si firfircoon horumarinta xiriirka la Austria-Hungary. Waa leh xoog iyo Russia diriray sarraynta ee Balkans dhexdooda dalalka Slavic. Laakiin Berlin ayaa waxay dooneen si ay u horumariyaan xidhiidhka siyaasadeed leh Russia, kaas oo uu iyada garaac xaaladaha dhaqaale allifey.

xulafadooda Ruush ee World koowaad

Against asalka ah horumar dhaqaale iyo siyaasadeed sida Russia ayaa lagu qasbay in uu ku biiro isbahaysiga ciidamada la France iyo Great Britain. Oo ururka waxaa taas wada ogaaday sida Entente ah.

Sidaas, ku siin liiska wadamada Ruush-huwanta ee Dagaalkii Adduunka:

• Andorra,
• Belgium,
• Bolivia,
• Brazil,
• Shiinaha;
• Costa Rica,
• Cuba,
• Ecuador,
• Greece,
• Guatemala,
• Haiti,
• Honduras,
• Italy (c 23 May 1915);
• Japan,
• Liberia,
• Montenegro,
• Nicaragua,
• Panama;
• Peru,
• Portugal,
• Romania,
• San Marino,
• Serbia,
• Siam,
• Mareykanka;
• Uruguay.

Heshiiska on saamayn badda

Dhab ahaantii, Russia danta ayaa hoos u xumaan inay ku buriyaan saameynta ay Germany iyo Austria-Hungary. Sidoo kale sheegashada in tiro ka mid ah dalalka Jarmalka iyo baahida loo qabo in gacanta badda lahaa cidhiidhi Turkish ah Bosporus iyo Dardanelles in.

Ka dib markii Turkey yimid dhinaca Jarmal ee 1914, durba 1916 dalalka Entente saxiixday heshiis ku saabsan kala qeybinta danaha Bariga Dhexe. Oo sidaas ha loo gooyay oo xulafadooda in Russia doono World koowaad.

Guul iyo Guuldarrooyin ee 1914

Ka dib guuldaradii in dagaalka la Japan, Russia ayaa si gebagebo ku saabsan gobolka ee ciidamada qalabka sida ay awoodaan. Oo 1914 waxaa lagu fuliyay diyaarinta aad u fiican, waayo, dagaalka.

Laakiin sokeeye Russia ee dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka lama gelin account arrimood ee ah colaad military oo dheer. Waxaas oo dhan, laakiin aan sii murjin kara xiriirka ka dhexeeya labada dal. Waayo, guul degdeg Russia ayaa damcay inuu wada-shaqayn, laakiin iyadu ma laga hortagi karo guuldaradii ee xulafada. Oo iyada oo account qodobo ay ka mid, dalkeena lahaa in ay raacaan si ay ula kulmaan xubnaha kale ee Entente ah.

Inta lagu guda jiro World First waa Russia lahaa khayraadka aadane ah iyo cunto aad u weyn. Haddii aad qaadato boqolkiiba, waa tirada ciidamada ay ahaayeen in ku dhow 40% dhammaan ciidammadii reer Entente ah.

Saamiga ciidanka Ruush lahaa hawsha ay hoos u wareemo oo u dhowow laftiisa in ciidamada qalabka sida oo ka mid ah Jarmalka iyo Bulgarians. Intaa waxaa dheer, way qabsadeen maxaabiis badan sokeeye Ruush ee dalka military (qiyaastii 2.2 million. Askar), kaas oo lagu tiriyaa 60% tirada guud ee maxaabiista.

dhicin dagaalkii

Iyadoo Bilowgii hore ee Germany in France ee August 1914 dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka. Rajeynaya inuu ku guuleysto blitzkrieg ah, ciidamada ugu weyn ee Germany loola cararay France. Isla mar ahaantaana in bari ayaa ku lug lahaa ciidan daciif 8aad Army East Prussia.

In kasta oo xaqiiqda ah in xulafadooda Russia ee Dagaalkii Adduunka jiray in ka badan labaatan dal, Austria-Hungary socday si ay u qabtaan hawlaha firfircoon si gaar ah ciidamada Ruush.

Laakiin Russia weerar, iyo bartamihii bishii September ee dagaalka Galicia ku Army ee Front Koonfur-ka adkaaday ciidamada ugu weyn ee kooxda ay. In dagaalka this, Austrians lunsan 400 000 oo qof, halka 100,000 oo askari oo lagu qabtay 400 qoryaha in thrall ciidanka Ruush. Eastern Galicia lumay.

Sidaas darteed of guul weyn wax sahlan xaaladda iyo ciidamada Serbia.

Isla mar ahaantaana, xulafadooda ciidamada Russia ayaa si guul leh u diriray gayiga East Prussia. Iskusoo wada duuboo dhigeysa jecel yihiin si ay u ilaaliyaan ruux weerar iyo weerar lagu daahfuri ku Berlin. August 20 in ciidanka Jarmal adkaadeen isla sanadkaas ee Battle of Gumbinnen, iyo Russia waxa ay awood u dhow 2/3 dhulka cadowga xakameeyo.

Laakiin guusha Xulafada hortagi ku qabsoomi halis ah in amarka, iyo ciidamada Ruush soo gaaray dhowr guul waaweyn iyo dib soohdinta u dhaqaaqay.

Guusha ciidammadii cadowga, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wacdaro la amarka isbahaysiga Jarmal. Tani waxay isagii ku qasabtay in ay qayb ka mid ah Ciidamada Faransiiska ka shuqlinin safka hore, sidaas darteedna waxaa tuura ciidamada dagaalka bari. Oo waxaa suurto gal ah si ay u fududayso cadaadiska saaran Sokeeyaha Ruush. dhaqdhaqaaqa taatikada noocan oo kale ah ee amarka Jarmal aan ka tagay sokeeye joogin iyo Ruush ee dagaalkii koowaad ee aduunka. guul weyn Marne ayaa ku guuleystay.

Against asalka ah ee soo gaartay cajiib ah qorshaha blitzkrieg Jarmal sida ku guuldareysatay France. Germany ayaa rajeynaya guul deg deg ah waxaa lagu halligay.

Turkey ayaa ku soo galeen dagaalka

By hore October, ciidamo Jarmal wada jir ah ula Austrians ka qaadeen weerar bogga hore ee bariga, laakiin dagaal Warsaw-Ivangorod guusha dhamaystiran oo Ruush. German-Austrians lagu qasbay in ay ka baxaan sababtoo ah mar kale soohdimihiisu.

Ciidamada isku dayo horumar degdeg ah a sameeyey dhexe Germany, laakiin waxa uu ku guul daraystay. hawlaha noocan oo kale ah ee ciidamada Ruushka, si kastaba ha ahaatee, wuxuu lahaa saamaynta togan on natiijada dagaalka ee Isere iyo Ypres.

By December ee sanadkan in, Jarmalka lahaa si laab tirada ciidamada ay ku hor bariga. Tan waa la sameeyey in view of dagaal sida la diriray sokeeye Ruush.

Turkey biiray dagaalka ee November 1914. Dhanka Caucasian markii hore loo qorsheeyay xoogaa guulo ah, laakiin dhamaadka December 3rd ciidanka Turkish guuldarro burburiyo ee Battle of Sarikamis.

Germany dagaal yaal laba arrimood

Ka dib markii guuldarro weyn ee Germany diiradda dadaalka oo dhan ku saabsan sida loo heli Russia ka mid ah dagaalka. Marka tan la eego, Front Eastern noqday weyn.

Sababtoo ah dib u bixinta rasaas, qoryaha, rasaasta madaafiicda, iyo dhibaatooyinka guud ee la Russia cunto soo gaaray guuldarrooyin isdaba joog ah. Oo waxaa jiray hanjabaad Buuloburde oo ka mid ah ciidamada Ruush ee Poland.

Laakiin tayo General MV Alekseev ahaa awoodaan in ay ka faa'iidaystaan qaladaad cadowga oo ay fashiliyaan qorshayaasha of amarka Jarmal. Waayo, kan waxaa lagama maarmaan ahayd in ay ka baxaan qaar ka mid ah dhulalka - Ruush Poland, qayb ka mid ah Belarus iyo tiro ka mid ah dalalka Baltiga. Tani waxay ogol yahay in ay ka baxdo xaalad halis ah oo soo galaan a on Xuduudda cusub.

xulafadooda ciidamada Ruush oo sabab u ah dagaalka dhinaca hore ee bariga ugu dambeyntii ay awoodaan si ay u helaan leeyr, adkeynta xooggooda iyo xoojin booska.

Isla mar ahaantaana on hore Turkish, our ciidan ayaa sii waday in ay si guul leh u fuliyaan hawlgallo weerar, sidaas hayso taxane ah oo guul darro. Ciidamada Ruush aagga Turkish amray by guud cajiib NN Yudenich. horumarka noocan oo kale ah lahaa saamaynta togan on xaaladda Xulafada on Front Mesabotaamiya ah.

Waa in la sheegay in falalka guul ergooyinka Ruush amray by Baratova Faaris ahaa looma oggola inuu yimaado Tehran si ay u maray gacmihii cadaawayaashoodii geliyey. Xaaladdan oo kale, guusha ciidamada dalka Ruushka ee Turkey badbaadiyeen nafta kun oo Armenians, kuwaas oo ka xasuuqii Turkish soo gaaray.

dagaal Ciidamada Badda

Inkasta oo ay u bilaabi lahaa World War 1, xulafadooda Ruush ma lahayn ciidamada filan badda. Laakiin Russia ayaa raxan Badda Madow lahaa faa'ido weyn cadowga tababarka dagaalka iyo waayo-aragnimo dhaqanka colaadaha, kuwaas oo ay leedahay inta badan saraakiishii ciidamada badda iyo ragga baxriyiinta ah.

Maraakiibtan ayaa waxay ahaayeen 6 dagaalka weli ka mid ah nooca jirka ah, 2 Cruiser, 17 baabbi'inaya, 12 baabbi'inaya, 4 quusta.

Intii lagu guda jiray dagaalka, waxay ku soo biiray 9 baabbi'inaya oo kale, 2 gaadiidka hawada (prototypes sideyaasha diyaaradaha casriga ah) iyo 10 quusta.

Maraakiibtan ayaa waxaa ku yaal saldhigga ugu weyn ee Badda Madow (Sevastopol) oo lahaa deked markab ah ee Sevastopol iyo Nikolaev.

Inkastoo gargaarka Turkiga ee ay bixiso Germany, Russia sokeeye (Army iyo Navy) lahaa faa'iido la taaban karo ee Badda Madow.

In koorsada of dagaallada dagaal la Navy Russia Turkish ayaa qaatay habab cusub iyo tabo cusub taatiko, oo ka soo jeeda unugyada awooda kala duwan. Shaqaalaha Gaarka ah, doonniyihii waxay ku abuuray taageerada joogtada ah ee ciidamada dhulka iyo taageerada maraakiibta gaadiidka in ay ahaayeen gaadiidka cargoes ciidamada.

Waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa in dagaalo military caga farsamo, wada jir ah ula taageerada Duulista. eegno oo aan caadi ahayn iyo dab on bartilmaameed xeebta qabsato iyadoo la isticmaalayo idaacadaha markabka.

xirfadaha New dagaal

Marka xanibaadda ee Bosphoru iyo gobolka dhuxul ah, xulafadooda Russia ee (ciidan iyo ciidamada badda) hubiyo in hawlgalka ballaadhan ee quusta iyo maraakiibta badda. Dhab ahaantii kale oo xiiso ahaa iskaashi ee quusta iyo diyaarad la dagaalanka quusta cadowga.

Gaar ahaan cidhiidhi ah ayaa la dagaalamaya raxan Ruush ee Black Sea ee xilli ciyaareedkii 1916. Waxaan u lahaa in isku mar u dhaqmaan on xaquuqda aadanaha iyo si ay u xalliyaan hawlaha badan oo kala duwan iyadoo la isticmaalayo maraakiibta, diyaaradaha iyo quusta.

Laakiin Navy Command iyo Ruush niyad jabka iyo wuxuu keeni karaa dhaawac badan in ay raxan German-Turkish.

Dhexgalka gudaha Allied

Germany ee 1916 ma aysan awoodin in ay ka badiyeen Russia ee qorshaha istaraatiijiga ah iyo wareejiyay si Front Western uu dareenka.

The qorshaha of amarka Jarmal keeni lahaa waxyeello badan in ciidamada Anglo-Faransiis. Battle of Verdun ahaa gaar ahaan muhiim u ah dagaallada, waxa badatay ee World koowaad. xulafadooda Ruush ay awoodaan si ay u helaan leeyr iyo waqti si ay isugu diyaariyaan hawlgallo dagaal, markii ciidankii Ruush weerar ku dhow Lake Naroch.

Inkastoo dagaalka ku dhammaaday fashil, oo waxay lahayd saamaynta togan ku saabsan xaaladda ka mid ah ciidamada huwanta ah.

Isla mar ahaantaana aan u dabaal guusha baxdid dalka Turkiga. First Yudenich qaaday qalcadda Ezerum iyo ka dib Trebizond.

Waxa xusid mudan, guulo waa weyn ayaa lagu gaarey by Russia xagaagii 1916. Marka weerar guud ee Front Koonfur-Galbeed ay ka qabsadeen waxa loogu yeero Brusilov Offensive, taas oo ciidanka dalka Austria ayaa waxaa mar kale laga adkaaday. Saxayo xaaladda jirta waayeen faragelinta kaliya ee Germany, taas oo uu u ogolaaday stop horay ciidamada Ruush. Sidaas darteed dagaalka ee Kovel dhammaadeen, baxdid in si buuxda loogu fashilmay.

kacaanka ee Russia

weerar cusub Major qorsheeyay on 1917, iyo in laga yaabo World koowaad. xulafadooda Ruush ayaa sidoo kale dhisay qorshe ay weerar. Laakiinse kuwanu waa qorshe iyo qorshe ay ahaayeen. Sababaha taas oo ay dumiyeen, kala duwan. Laakiin inta badan waa dhibaato dhaqan-dhaqaale oo ku ururtay oo qaan muddo dheer in Russia. Laakiin dhanka ah asalka ah oo ah ka dhicin niyadda ciidanka sababtoo ah khasaaraha badan ee is burinaya kuwaas oo u noqday daran xitaa ka sii badan.

Sida sidoo kale xoojiyey dacaayad hantiwadaagga, xasillooni siyaasadeed iyo kacsanaan firfircoon ka dhanka ah dawladda. Waxaas oo dhan wada keentay in burburkii kacaan, oo ka murugoodo nidaamka dhaqan-siyaasadeed ee jira ee 1917.

Waxay si buuxda u wada baabbi'isay dadaalka iyo horumarka la sameeyey by Russia.

In kasta oo ay tahay in la xusuusnaado in xitaa xaaladahan, xaaladda hore xulafada noqon kartaa wax badan ka sii daran. Kaliya Russia jiidan xitaa in xaaladahan, in ka badan saddex meelood meel ciidamada Jarmal. Sida la soo qaadey, oo waxay ku nagaadeen qaababka dagaalka iyo Division Austria.

Haddaba in taariikhda uu noqday, waa in aynu ogaannaa ma aha oo kaliya waxa sokeeye Ruush dalka ee ka qayb-galay dagaalka, laakiin sidoo kale xaqiiqada ah in ay tahay ciidanka our, waxaa ka shaqeeya kula by awowayaashayo, ka caawiyay guushii Xulafada.