Xisbiga tijaabo ah - waa maxay?

Sida mid ka mid ah heerarka kala duwan ee abuurista iyo horumarinta xiga tiknolojiyada cusub waa shuqulkii tijaabo ah. Waxay soo jeedin wax soo saarka ee shaybaarka ee xaaladaha sida ugu dhow in ay wax soo saarka. Xisbiga tijaabo (tijaabo) waa ka caadiga ah ee kala duwan ee mugga ugu horeysay. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah in la yareeyo waqtiga iyo kharashka of wareegga ah jeegaga inay soo saarka warshadaha.

cayimayo

Muuqaaladan ugu weyn ee soo saaridda tijaabo ah waa:

1. kala duwan oo badan oo wax soo saarka, mar addoonsada.
2. isbeddel joogto ah, iyo kuwa aan wax soo saarka goobaha.
3. Tiro badan oo isbedel design.
4. Gaabiyey waqtiga diyaarinta.

Dufcaddii tijaabo ah, sida caadiga ah waa asalka ah. Marka tan la eego, waxaa la tixgeliyaa arrin caadi ah in in dukumintiyada farsamo iyo design tiro badan oo hagaajin.

hawlaha

Waa maxay sababta ay u abuuraan xisbiga tijaabo? Release of baarka u diray inay materialization oo ka mid ah hawlaha injineerada, saynisyahano, samaynta. Trial dhigay si loo ogaado suurtagalnimada of kala iibsiga alaabta galay wax soo saarka, si ay u dejiyaan dhanka horumarka deegaanka warshadaha ee cadadka loo baahan yahay. Intaa waxaa dheer, tilmaamayaasha ee isku halaynta, cimri dherer, alaabta nabadgelyada baaritaan. Of warshadaha gaari ee warshadaha cuntada, shirkadaha kale ee had iyo jeer abuuray Dufcaddii ugu horeysay ee tijaabo ah. Mararka qaar, ka dib markii shaybaarka baaritaanka aan la gelin on conveyor ah. Sidaas awgeed waxa la "Audi-100" ahaa. Trial dhigay oo leh engine Rotary-qalab loo diiday imtixaanka guul ka dib. Sababta diidmada ah ee arrinta ku jiray shaki ah oo ku saabsan faa'iidada ah ee baabuurta.

gool

Samaynta Dufcaddii tijaabo ah waxaa loogu talagalay:

1. Bixinta processing oo tayo leh ku habboon, shirkii alaabta si waafaqsan caddaymaha farsamo.
2. nidaamka sixitaanka, qorsheeyay saarka serial.
3. Aqoonsiga iyo tirtiridda cilladaha tooling, shuqullada dheeraad ah oo habboon oo sababo in soo saaridda ee qaybo, shirka oo baaritaanka ku xiga.

Tijaabo (tijaabo) Dufcaddii alaabta: Accounting

In guud xogta iyo ka mid noqoshada in xisaabiyaha diiwaanka fuliya tiro ka mid ah hawlaha. Oo ah kuwa ugu muhiimsan waxaa ka mid ah:

1. Dhismaha muuqaalada kala soocidda. Waxaa lagama maarmaan ah inuu ku meeleeyo shaybaarka si category gaar ah hantida aan hadda.
2. shaqada khariidaynta The sameeyaa R & D heshiisyada.
3. Aqoonsiga natiijada.
4. Isbarbardhigga of natiijooyinka cilmi-baarista iyo horumarinta ee alaabta cusub ama horumar ah ee la soo saaray ka hor.

The xeerarka hadda on tiriyo aan si cad u shaacin waxa foomka waxaa lagama maarmaan ah si ay u muujiyaan faahfaahinta ku yaalla tijaabo ah. Tani, markeeda, u keenaa dhibaatooyin badan oo la taaban karo.

kakanaanta

Sida xalin shaki marka ay timaado Dufcaddii tijaabo alaabta? Xisaabiyenimo baarka la abuuray qaabka guud ee R & D waxqabadka, hadda si cad looma nidaaminaya. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, arrinta of kharashka wax soo saarka waa in si sax ah u go'aamiyey sida ay xeerka iyo nidaamka dokumentiga. Tan iyo markii ay kala duwan ee shaqada la fuliyay waa arrin ballaaran, tirada ka qayb galayaasha in dhacdooyinka halkii weyn, iyo hababka iyo noocyada urur aad u kala duwan ee marxaladaha kala duwan ee horumarka wareegga nolosha wax soo saarka iyo waxa ay sii daayaan galay wax soo saarka waa la fuliyay shakhsiga ku saleysan. Waa arrin aad u adag tahay ku dhaqanka in la kala saaro habka loogu talagalay horumarinta wax soo saarka iyo abuuritaanka xarumo cusub. Mararka qaar way adag tahay si loo ogaado caga mustaqbalka ee alaabta wax soo saarka serial. Sida mid ka mid ah muuqaalada R & D dhaqmo in hawlahaas mar walba waa halis sare oo la'aan ah natiijada bixiya waraaqo farsamo, sababo arrin Ujeedada. madmadowga noocan oo kale ah waxaa sababa la hubin ee isticmaalka aan la garanayn aaddan ee badeecada, maxaa yeelay, way cusub yihiin.

Features kharashka

Bandhigyada shaqada tijaabo la xidhiidha kharashka kala duwan. Qiimaha alaabta -. Qiimaynta ee dabiiciga ah iyo shaqada khayraadka, qalabka, shidaalka, alaabta ceeriin, nidaamyada hawlgalka, tamarta, iwm Waxay ka kooban tahay kharashka si toos ah fuliya urur cilmi baadhis iyo qayb ka mid ah maadada - saarta shirkadaha. Kharashka waxa loo kala qaybiyaa dhameystiran oo u gaar ah. First ka mid ah kharashka daryeelka ee shirkadda, marka laga reebo kharashka dhinac saddexaad. Qiimaha total, siday u kala horreeyaan, la aasaasay of kharashka oo dhan. Qoondaynta ayaa waxaa sidoo kale ka dhigay, iyadoo ku xiran il iyo content of macluumaad hore. Iyadoo ku saleysan qiimaha share of dhabta ah iyo qorsheeyey. kharashka waxaa ka mid ahaa in qiimaha asalka ah ee alaabta, waxaa ka mid ah kharashka cilmi sahan ah, si ay u horumariyaan soo jeedinta, hawlaha dejinta, Tusaale fiican. Waxay sidoo kale waxaa ka mid ah kharashka la xiriira doorashada oo baranaya suugaanta ku habboon, publications macluumaad, labada gudaha iyo dibadda, si falanqaynta on ansixin patent, diyaarinta nidaamka dib u eegista gorfaynta. Waxaa waajib ah in ka mid ah in qiimaha kharashka design ah, diyaarinta waraaqaha shaqada, wax soo saarka ee tooska ah ee alaabta iyo debugging, rakibaadda iyo dhacdooyinka kale. Shirkadda ayaa sidoo kale kicisaa kharashka baaritaanka, guud ee natiijooyinka, dejinta ee barashada cilmiga aan habboonayn (ama ku haboon) dil ku xiga xagga shuqullada horumarinta.