Xeryahooda Complex: Magac iyo dirka

The ugu weyn oo ka mid ah waxyaabaha ka imanba ugu kala duwan yahay fasalka xeryahooda adag. Si taas loo saarin karaa in kooxda xeryahooda organometallic, sida chlorophyll iyo unugga. Waa isku xirka kuwanu waa buundada isku xira chemistry ka imanba iyo organic sayniska midaysan. doorka qiimo in diyaarinta qalabkan adag aqoonta berrinkii chemistry gorfaynta iyo kimistari crystal, waxbarasho oo ka mid ah geeddi socodka noolaha ugu muhiimsan: photosynthesis, gudaha (gacanta) Neefta.

In this article waxaan baari doona qaabka iyo isku waydaarsanayeen xeryahooda adag, iyo sidoo kale mabaadii'da aasaasiga ah ee ay kala soocidda.

Aragti Coordination A. Werner

Dhamaadka saynisyahan Swiss qarnigii XX A. Werner caddeeyeen in Britain ee walax kasta oo adag jira dhawr qaab-dhismeedka taas oo ahayd siday u kala horreeyaan yaqaan ra'iyi dhexe, ligands (ligands) iyo gudbikaraa oo isuduwidda dibadda ah. Inaan kala soocidda cad oo isku waydaarsanayeen xeryahooda adag, waxa aanu sharixi fikradaha, kuwaas oo si faahfaahsan. Sayidka, A. Werner ayaa la caddeeyey in joogitaanka Britain ra'iyi (sida caadiga ah si togan eedeeyay), kuwaas oo degan meel dhexe. Wuxuu noqday kuwa loo yaqaan wakiilka complexing ah, ra'iyi dhexe ama la eb. Waxaa laga yaabaa in uu ku yaalaa meel u dhow u taagoo sida dhex-dhexaad ah, loo yaqaan ligands, iyo qayb ka anions xun oo lagu eedeeyay in ay u sameeyaan gudbikaraa oo isuduwidda gudaha ah waxyaabaha la. All qayb ka hartay oo aan soo galay gudaha galay, u sameeyaan qolof ah barxadda dibadda ee Britain ayaa ah.

Sidaas darteed, formula sodium cuprite Na ₂ [CU (OH) _4], eb ah copper dhexe ee lagu qayilo gobolka +2 iyo afar gidroksogrupp koobnaan ka howgala gudaha, halka udhigo sodium waxaa ku yaal qaar ka mid ah masaafo ka eb dhexe gudbikaraa oo dibadda ah.

Dariiqooyinka loo xadido qaaciidooyinka focal iyo magacyada walxaha

Ilaa hadda, aragtida ah ee A. Werner waa aasaaska ugu muhiimsan ee akhriska ku saabsan, baadhitaannada kaxeynayo adag. Magac, ie, magacyada walxaha kuwan waxaa go'aamiya xeerarka lagu ansixiyay Society Caalamiga ah ee af iyo qoraal Applied Chemistry.

Waxaan ku siin tusaalayaal dhowr ah oo qaaciidooyinka walxaha, taas oo ka kooban eb complexing platina ah - K ₂ [PtCl _6] ama u taagoo NH ₃ - [Ag (NH _{3) 2]} cl. Sida ka leexatay, caanaha laga dheefay karaa iyadoo la isticmaalayo dhaqannada soo socda: Dareen-celinta sarrifka double, conductivity gaws of xal habka diffraction X-ray. Ka fiirso kuwan hababka si faahfaahsan.

Sida ku cad dhismeedka xeryahooda platina adag

Muqaadaraadka ee kooxdan waxaa lagu gartaa joogitaanka ee Britain ee la eb ee platina dhexe. Marka xarunta PtCl xal ₄ × 6NH ₃ fal oo amooniyam oo lacag ah, ka dibna dhan jooga chlorine in wax la xiriira atamka biraha iyo AgCl sameeyay jajabi oo cad. Taas macnaheedu waa in dhammaan anions waa chlorine gudbikaraa oo isuduwidda dibadda ah, halka taagoo ammonia ah ayaa lala xiriirinayay in ay la eb ee platina dhexe iyo ka howgala gudaha wada waxaa la aasaasay.

Waxaa loola jeedaa xarunta xiriirinta formula ah ayaa laga diiwaan geliyay foomkan: [PT (NH _{3) 6]} cl ₄ oo wuxuu u yeedhay chloride hexammine platina. By la isticmaalayo habka diffraction X-ray, farmashiye ku sahamiyey iyo xarumaha kale ee adag oo isku waydaarsanayeen lagu rakibi doonaa in qaybta xigta.

xeryahooda The crystalline ee chromium

Dhismaha kooxdan oo ah walxaha waxaa loo aqoonsaday by habka jirka ah ee diffraction X-ray falanqaynta salka X-ray diffraction. Gudbinta daaqaddii baraf, la ruxruxo electromagnetic by tallaabada ee electrons walax imtixaanka kala firdhiyey. Tani waxay suuro gelineysaa in aad si sax ah, si loo garto kooxaha atamka yihiin goobaha daaqaddii. Magac-u dhiganta xeryahooda adag waxaa loo abuuray in kiristaalo chromium-ka kooban. Tusaalooyinka magacyadoodu hydrates isomeric ee cusbada chromium trivalent, barbaro marayo hab diffraction X-ray, waa sida soo socota: chloride tetraakvadihlorohroma (III), chloride pentaakvahlorohroma (III).

Waxa la ogaaday in qalabkan la eb chromium ku xidhay lix ligands kala duwan. Sidee go'aan ka gaari kara heerka iyo factor kasta oo saamayn ku leh tirada shaqaynta?

Sida la eb dhexe waxaa lala ligands

Si aad ka jawaabto su'aalaha aan kor ku soo sara kiciyey, waxaan xusuustaa in ku dhow si degdeg ah wakiilka complexing yihiin dhismayaasha dhawr, loo yaqaan ligands, ama ligands. Tiradiisa, iyo go'aaminaya tirada shaqaynta. Sida laga soo xigtay aragtida ah ee A. Werner, soo dhoweynta, qoondaynta iyo Magac xeryahooda adag yihiin si toos ah ay ku xidhan tahay tilmaame this. Waxaa la correlatively la xidhiidha qayilo eb dhexe. In ka xeryahooda ee platina, chromium, tirada isuduwidda bir ah ugu siman lix; haddii wakiilka complexing waxaa matalaya atamka oo naxaas ah ama zinc - afar haddii la eb dhexe waa lacag ama naxaas - laba.

Noocyada xeryahooda adag

In kimistari, kala duwanaayeen sida fasalada muhiimka ah iyo madaxda sare ee walxaha ku meel gaarka ah waxa u dhaxeeya. Ka wada hadleen in ay xeryahooda soo koobikaro adag hore oo isku waydaarsanayeen muujinaysaa joogitaanka in ay qaab-dhismeedka ee u taagoo biyo aquacomplexes. By ammine ka mid ah walxaha ay ku jiraan ammonia qayb ka dhex-dhexaad ah, sida triamminrody triiodo. Qaab dhismeedka kelli khaas ah oo ay fasalka xeryahooda chelating. Magacooda ka timaadaa chelicera xilli noolaha - sidaas loo yaqaan decapod cidida. walxaha ku jira ligand, qaabeynta ah da'ayeen oo ka mid ah wakiilka complexing ah, sida ciddiyo haadeed. xeryahooda noocan oo kale ah waxaa ka mid ah oo adag oxalate ferric, adag platina etilendiamminovy gobolka qayilo +4, cusbada acid aminoacetic, kuwaas oo ka kooban udhigo of rhodium, platina ama naxaas.

Rules for ururinayaan magacyada xeryahooda adag

Su'aasha imtixaanka ugu badan ee doonidiina for chemistry in koorsada ee dugsiga sare waa: wac xarunta adag oo ka mid ah-IUPAC waydaarsanayeen. In tusaale ahaan gaar ah, waxaan u falanqeeyaan geynta ururinayaan walax horyaalka isagoo formula soo socda: (NH _{4) 2} [PT (OH) ₂ cl _4].

1. Name bilaabmaa go'aaminta kooban ee ka howgala gudaha isuduwidda. Waxaa ku jira kooxo hydroxyl iyo anions ah chlorine. Magacyadani ku dar -o ku dhamaaday. Waxaan aad u hesho digidrokso-, tetrahloro-.
2. Hadda waxaan ka heli wakiilka complexing isticmaalaya uu sal magac Laatiin, iyo dar daraa -Ugu qadarin ah ee parentheses waxay muujinayaan doono degree of qayilo: platinate (IV).
3. Dhameyso calaamad ka howgala gudaha, ku biiro ka baxsan. Waxaan u wac waxbarashada: in tusaale ahaan this yihiin udhigo ammonium.

Sidaas darteed, walax ku yeelan doonto horyaalka ah oo dhan ee qaab dhismeedka ku qoran kor ku xusan.

Isticmaalka xeryahooda adag

Bilowga ee qodobkan aynu u yeedhay wakiilada ugu muhiimsan ee walxaha organometallic sida hemoglobin, chlorophyll, vitamins. Waxay ka ciyaaraan door muhiim in dheef. Loo xeryahooda adag ee wareegyada farsamada ee barafka Biraha ferrous iyo non-ferrous. door muhiim ah waxaa ciyaaray carbonyls metallurgy - xeryahooda adag gaar ah oo isku waydaarsanayeen muujinaysaa joogitaanka ee u taagoo of CO carbon monoxide sida ligand ah ay. xeryahooda Kuwan waxaa giirte hoos kululaynta iyo hoos u biraha sida nickel, birta, Cobalt ka senti ay. kaxeynayo intooda badan waxaa sidoo kale loo isticmaalaa sida Xoojiya in dareen diidmo ah soo saara varnishes, rinjiga iyo bacyaal.