Subject ee cilmiga iyo formation taariikhiga ah

saynis kasta wuxuu leeyahay wax, taas oo ah natiijada sidaynu a afka baarkiisa, oo kuu ogolaanaya inaad si loo muujiyo astaamo gaar ah oo horumarka iyo hawlgalka xarunta. cayimayo ee cilmiga waa in ay daraasad bulshada. Sidaas daraaddeed bal aynu eegno sida si loo ogaado maado oo ka mid ah aasaasayaasha cilmiga.

Ogyust Kont, kuwaas oo asal erayga "cilmiga" ah, rumeysan yahay in maadada sayniska Waa bulsho dhamaystiran, kaas oo ku salaysan yahay ogolaansho universal. Arintaan asal ahaan waa wadajir ah ee taariikhda aadanaha iyo xaaladda dabeecadda aadanaha laftiisa. aasaasaha kale ee sayniska, cilmiga Ingiriisi ah Herbert Spencer, naftiisa oo dhan ku qaatay, maxaa yeelay, hore ee bulshada ganacsade, kaas oo la kala sidii uu korayo oo ku adkaysatay in hay'adaha bulshada ugu dambeeyay mahad daacadnimada. Sida laga soo xigtay Spencer, mawduuca cilmiga - bulshada, ku simaha in doorka u shaqeeyo bulshada, taas oo geedi socodka dhamaystiran weheliso kaladuwan ee ay sabab u tahay horumar ah ee hay'adaha bulshada.

Karl Marx, oo ku noolaa inta badan naftiisa in England, muhiim u ah aragtida ah ee Comte iyo Spencer. Tani waxa ay ahayd sabab u ah xaqiiqada ah in Marx loo arkaa in bulshada ganacsade waa in dhibaatooyinka qoto dheer oo waxaa la bedelay hantiwadaag ah. Si dhakhso ah ayuu ka abuuray isaga oo aragti, kaas oo lagu qeexay sida fikrad materialist taariikhda. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, shirkadda ma horumariyaan kharash ku fikrado, laakiin kharashka ka mid ah waxyaabaha ciidamada wax soo saar leh. Ka dib markii this aragtida, mawduuca cilmiga - bulshada sida nidaamka ah organic, horumarinta jihada of midnimada iyo wadajirka iyada oo loo marayo halganka fasalka iyo kacaanka.

Sayidka, aasaasayaasha sayniska isku raacay in mawduuca iyada u adeegta bulshada sida dhab ah. doorka Direct in formation of habab kala duwan ayaa ciyaaray bulsho-falsafada iyo qiyamka iyo habab siyaasadeed.

Wejigii labaad ee horumarinta cilmiga la xidhiidha dhinaca horumarinta ee midnimada habka. Wakiilka muddada ah u dooda hore ee classic af iyo qoraal nidaamsan. Wakhtigan (the 80s ee qarnigii 19 - ka hor dagaal ugu horeysay ee adduunka) horumarinta mabaadi'da nidaamsan cilmi bulsho, wacyi habab ay khuseeyaan iyo qaababka loo helo xogta taaban karo ku dul aasaasiga ah socday. gacan ka geysasho muhiim in jihada this by sociologist Jarmalka F. Tennis sameeyey. Intii uu mustaqbalkiisa sayniska uu falanqeeyay tirakoobka bulshada, waxbarashada sameeyay waaqiciga ah ee fasalka hoose ee Hamburg baaritaan gobolka dembiyada iyo heerka badnaanta dhinaca ismiidaamin ah. Sidaas darteed, shaqo u muuqday cilmiga taaban karo sida anshaxa qeexid.

Sida laga soo xigtay tennis, wax cilmiga sameeyay noocyada kala duwan ee bulshada, dadweynaha iyo bulshada, taas oo ku salaysan yihiin is dhexgalka dadka ku ah doonista dhaqaaqay. Si kastaba ha ahaatee, nuxurka iyo ilo ku sii jiri doona u fiican. Isla muddadaas, Adler si firfircoon sahaminta mawduuca cilmiga dhaqanka, kuwaas oo arrimaha bulshada ah ee formation of qiimaha dhaqanka iyo heerka aasaasiga ah. Later, si kastaba ha ahaatee, aragtida this ayaa haatan lagu eedeynayaa.

Tallaabada xigta ayaa ahayd horumarinta a Classics af iyo qoraal nidaamsan baaluq. Xilligan waxa ka Dagaalkii Adduunka ee koowaad iyo 70 sano ee qarnigii 20-socday. Subject iyo habka of science waxaa dheeraad ah si dhow ula xiriira. Wakiilka heerkan waa sociologist ka Ruush-American Pitirim Sorokin, ayuu ka abuuray "nidaamka of cilmiga" a, kaas oo ku salaysan aragti iyo habka cabirka ee dhaqdhaqaaqa bulshada. Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, bulshada - go'an dhabta ah ee dadka lalana, halkaas oo xaaladda mawduuca ku xiran tahay falalka uu ku yiil beerihii socodka bulshada. bixinta wuxuu qeexayaa, ugu horreeya oo dhan, mawduuca cilmiga.

Waqtigan xaadirka ah (goor dambe oo qarnigii 20aad, horrantii qarnigii 21aad, faham cusub ee sayniska, alternative classical Sida laga soo xigtay isaga si, bulshada ma jiro ayaa at dhexe iyo maado ka mid ah bulshada sida qof firfircoon ka mid ah dhaggan soo dhowaadaan - .. A. Touraine iyo P. . Bourdieu, ee MG Archer British iyo Giddens hadda, ay wajahay su'aalo: Ma diiday fahanka classical mawduuca, ama si fudud u baahan horumar.