Waa maxay koromosoomyada ah? Calan of koromosoomyada. Laba koromosoomyada

Hiddo iyo tirayn ee dabiiciga ah ay jiraan sababtoo ah koromosoomyada, hiddo, deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA). Dukaamada iyo gudbiya macluumaad hidde oo ah qaab silsiladood oo ah nucleotides in DNA. Waa maxay doorka in this ifafaale iska leh hiddo-ka? Waa maxay koromosoomyada ah marka la eego gudbinta sifooyin kala dhaxlo? Jawaabaha su'aalahan fahmi doonaan mabaadiida koodh iyo kala duwanaanshaha hidde on dhulkeenna. Inta badan waxay ku xiran tahay sida koromosoom badan soo galo la ballamay, ka recombination qaababka kuwan.

Laga soo bilaabo taariikhda furitaanka "walxaha hiddo"

Waxbarashada oo shaashadaha ka under unugyada dhirta iyo xayawaanka, botanists badan iyo xayawaanka weli dhexe ee qarnigii XIX ah, oo seefqaad ah u threads fiican iyo qaab-dhismeedka annular yar ee xuduntii dareenka. More inta badan koromosoomyada kale ayuu u yeedhay horyaal ah anatomist Jarmalka Walther Flemming. Si uu isticmaalo formaldehyde aniline howsha dhismayaasha nuclear. Fleming helay shay loo yaqaan "chromatin" oo uu awood u xayd. "Koromosoom" Ereyga ee 1888 galbiyey ee kacaanka sayniska Genrih Valdeyer.

Isla mar ahaantaana Flemming sugayay jawaabta su'aashan waxa koromosoomyada ah, Belgium Edouard Van Beneden. wax yar ka hor nin cilmiga nafleyda barta Jarmalka Theodor Boveri iyo Eduard Strasburger sameeyay taxane ah oo tijaabo si ay u caddeeyaan aqoonsiga koromosoomyada, samrana ee tiradoodu noocyada kala duwan ee noolaha.

Aragti koromosoomyada DULUCDA of hiddo

Aqoonyahan American Walter Sutton ogaaday koromosoomyada sida badan laga helo bu'da unugga. Sayniska rumeysan yahay qaababka kuwan sidayaal cutub oo hiddo, astaamaha jirka. Sutton ogaaday in koromosoomyada ka kooban yihiin hiddo, iyada oo kuwaas oo maray waalidka guryaha Faracoodii iyo hawlaha. Geneticist in publications ku tilmaamay lammaaneyaasha koromosoomyada ahi, ay dhaqdhaqaaq inta lagu jiro kala qeybinta bu'da unugga.

Iyadoo aan loo eegin oo ka mid ah asxaabta American, ka shaqeeya oo isku jiho ah wuxuu qabtay oo kaxeeyey Theodor Boveri. Labada cilmi in shuqullada bartay arimaha suuqa kala iibsiga ee sifooyin kala dhaxlo, diyaariyey qodobada aasaasiga ah ee doorka koromosoomyada (1902-1903). horumarinta dheeraad ah oo aragtida ah Boveri-Sutton ka dhacay shaybaarka ee Nobel Thomas Morgan. nin cilmiga nafleyda barta American Madaxdii Gaalowday oo uu kooxda ku adkeeyey taxane ah oo sharciyada gelinayn hiddo ku koromosoomyada ah, waxaan ayaa soo saartay ku salaysan cytological for sharxaya hab ay of sharciyada Gregor Mendel - aabbihiis oo la aasaasay of genetics.

The koromosoom oo ku jira gacanta

Baaritaanka qaab dhismeedka koromosoomyada bilaabay ka dib markii laga helay iyo sharaxaad ee qarnigii XIX ah. corpuscles iyo filaments Kuwani ku jira noolaha prokaryotic (non-nuclear) iyo unugyada eukaryotic (in xuduntii). Waxbarashada oo shaashadaha ka under shaaca ka qaaday in koromosoomyada waa dhibic morphological of view. Tani waxay jidhka filamentous mobile, oo waa garan in marxaladaha qaar ka mid ah wareegga gacanta. mugga oo dhan chromatin xuduntii interphase ku degan. In muddo kale koromosoomyada garan in hal ama laba chromatids.

Better arkay kuwan qaababka lagu jiro kala qeybinta unug - maytosis ama meiosis. In unugyada eukaryotic badanaa arki karaan koromosoomyada waaweyn qaab toosan. In prokaryotes, iyagu waa yar yar, inkastoo ay jiraan reeban. Unugyada inta badan waxaa ka mid ah in ka badan hal nooc oo koromosoomyada, tusaale yar oo iyaga u gaar ah "qayb dhaxal" waa in mitochondria iyo chloroplasts.

koromosoomyada foomka

koromosoom kasta wuxuu leeyahay qaab shakhsi, kala duwan oo ka soo sifooyinka kale ee xayd. In daraasadda ee fataahadda muhiim ah in la ogaado booska uu ka centromere ah, oo dhererkeeda iyo meeleynta hubka qaraabo inay dhexda. set ee koromosoom waxaa inta badan ka kooban oo ka mid ah noocyada soo socda:

• metacentric ama loo siman yahay, lagu gartaa meel dhexe ee centromere ah;
• submetacentric ama neravnoplechie (Cidhiidh waxaa mowjadda wajahan mid ka mid ah telomers);
• acrocentric, ama ul-qaabeeya, kaas oo centromere ah waxa uu ku yaalaa ku dhawaad dhamaadkii koromosoomyada,
• of farta la qaab si dhib leh dowlad gobleedka.

function koromosoom

Koromosoomyada ka kooban yihiin hiddo - unugyada functional of hiddo. Telomeres - darafyadiisa oo hubka koromosoomyada ah. Kuwani xubno takhasusay shaqaysid ilaalinta jajabkii dhaawac, antiblock. Centromere u qabata hawlo ay la labanlaabay ah koromosoomyada ah. Waxay leedahay kinetochore ah, waa in ay isaga Jaha-dhismeedka dunmiiqa. Labada ciyaaryahan kasta oo ka koromosoomyada waa shaqsi meel ka mid ah goobta centromere ah. Filaments shaqeeyaan dunmiiqa si unugyada gabadhii kordhiyay on mid koromosoom, laakiin aan labadoodaba. labanlaabay Lebis geedi socodka fission bixisaa asalka ah ee taranka. Hawl ah koromosoom kasta isku mar ka bilaabantaa meelo dhowr ah sida in sicad dedejisaa nidaamka oo dhan qaybinaya.

Doorka DNA iyo RNA

Si aad u ogaato waxa koromosoomyada ah, taas oo ah shaqo ee qaab-dhismeedka this nuclear guuldareystay ka dib markii waxbarashada ay ka kooban lagmamaarmaanna u ah iyo guryaha. In unugyada eukaryotic, koromosoomyada nuclear loo sameeyay by wax u dhisnayd - chromatin. Sida laga soo xigtay falanqaynta, waxay ka kooban tahay miisaanka kelli walxaha organic sare:

• acid Deoxyribonucleic (DNA);
• acid ribonucleic (RNA);
• borotiinada histone.

acids Nucleic qaadato qayb ka mid ah si toos ah in biosynthesis ee acids amino iyo borotiinada in ay bixiyaan gudbinta of sifooyinka dhaxlo ka ab ka ab. DNA ku jira xuduntii unugyada eukaryotic, RNA waxaa ku urursan cytoplasm ah.

hiddo-

Falanqaynta X-ray muujisay in DNA foomamka muquuninta a double, taas oo ka kooban silsilad ah nucleotides. Waxay wakiil deoxyribose carbohydrate ah, koox phosphate iyo mid ka mid ah afar saldhig nitrogenous:

1. A - adenayn.
2. G - gu'anayn.
3. T - thaymiin.
4. C - saytosayn.

Dad badan dezoksiribonukleoproteidnyh filaments helical - hiddo siday warbixin ku suntan oo ku saabsan isku xigxiga ee acids amino in borotiinada ama RNA. Inta lagu jiro isku dhufashada ee sifooyinka dhaxlo waalidka farcankaaga loo kala qaado foomka of alleles hiddo. Waxay go'aan ka shaqaynaya, koritaanka iyo horumarka ee u shaqeeyo gaar ah. Sida laga soo xigtay qaar ka mid ah cilmibaadhayaasha, kuwa gobollada DNA aan encode polypeptides qabtaan hawlo sharciyeed. hiddawadayaasha aadanaha waxaa laga yaabaa in ilaa 30 kun. Hidda.

dhigay of koromosoomyada

Tirada guud ee koromosoom, astaamaha - muujinta a caan ku foomka. In Daqsi Drosophila ay tirada - 8, in koroowga - 48, qof - 46. Tirada Tani waa joogto ah unugyada noolaha ay leeyihiin noocyada la mid ah. Maxaa yeelay, dhammaan eukaryotes jiro fikirka ah "koromosoomyada diploid." set Tani buuxa, ama 2n, ka duwan haploid - lacagta kala bar (n).

Koromosoomyada ka kooban yihiin mid ka mid ah labada nin ee qaabka homologous isla, qaab-dhismeedka, goobta, centromeres, iyo xubno kale. Homologues leeyihiin sifooyin u gaar ah in iyaga la kala saaro koromosoomyada kale ee la ballamay. Xayd la formaldehyde aasaasiga ah oo noo ogolaadaa in la tixgeliyo, sahamiyo qaababka kala duwan ee labada ciyaaryahan kasta. koromosoomyada Diploid joogo ee degaaankaaga, unugyada haploid isku mid ah - in jeermiga (ku gametes ee loo yaqaan). In nuujiya iyo noolaha kale ee kula heterogametic jinsiga lab sameeyay laba nooc oo koromosoomyada galmada: koromosoom X iyo Y. Labka leeyihiin set oo ah xy, dheddigga - XX.

set koromosoom Human

unugyada jirka dadka ku jira 46 koromosoom. Dhamaan iyaga ka mid ah lagu daro 23 lammaane oo uu ka samaysan yahay ballamay. Waxaa jira laba nooc oo koromosoomyada autosomes iyo galmada. The ugu horeysay ee foomka 22 lammaane - waa wax caadi ah in dumarka iyo ragga. Waxay waxaa lagu gartaa labada 23 - koromosoomyada galmada, kuwaas oo ah unugyada jirka oo lab ah waa non-homologous.

sifooyin hidaha la xiriira jinsiga. Waayo gudbinta waa Y iyo X koromosoom ee labka, laba dumar ah X. Autosomes ku jira inta kale ee macluumaadka ku saabsan astaamaha la kala dhaxlo. Waxaa jira farsamooyin oo u oggolaan in la shakhsiyeeyo dhan 23 lammaane. Waxay si fiican u arki karo waa in tirooyinka, marka rinjiyeeyay midab gaar ah. Waa la ogaan karo in 22-koromosoom ee hiddawadayaasha aadanaha - yar. Its DNA xaalad fidsan leeyahay dherer ah 1.5 cm, oo uu leeyahay 48 million lammaane oo saldhig nitrogenous. histones borotiinada Gaarka ah ka chromatin waxay samayn riixo, ka dibna dunta qaadataa meel kun jeer in ka yar bu'da unugga. Under microscope electron ah, histones ee xuduntii interphase eg kuul, Hashii on strand ah DNA.

cudurada hidde

Waxaa jira in ka badan saddex kun oo. Noocyada kala duwan ee cudurada la iska dhaxlo ay keento waxyeelo iyo rabshooyin in koromosoomyada ah. Kuwaas waxaa ka mid Down syndrome. Waayo, ilmo qaba cudur hidde lagu gartaa dib u dhac horumarka maskaxda iyo jirka. In cystic fibrosis jiro guuldaraystay in hawlaha qanjidhada exocrine. Xadgudubka u horseedaa dhibaatooyin wata dhidid, sii daayo iyo raasamaal ee xab ah ee jirka ku. Waxay ka dhigaysa mid ku adag tahay in ay ka shaqeeyaan sanbabada keeni kartaa in dhibaato neefsashada iyo geeri.

Ku xadgudubka midabada - indho - difaac in qeybo ka mid ah qaybaha kala midabka ah. Hemophilia keenaysaa in itaal xinjirowga dhiigga. dulqaad Lactose ma ogola jidhka bini'aadamka in la dheefshiido sonkorta caanaha. In xafiisyada qorshaynta qoyska waxaa laga heli karaa cabista si ay cudur gaar ah hidde. In xarumaha caafimaad oo waaweyn ayaa leh fursad ay ku helaan qiimeynta iyo daaweynta ku haboon.

therapy Gene - jihada of daawo casri ah, aayahiisu ka mid ah sababaha hidaha ee cudurada la iska dhaxlo iyo tirtiridda. Iyada oo farsamooyinka ugu dambeeyay ee unugyada bahal halkii wareersan hiddo-caadi ah ay maamusho. Xaaladdan oo kale, dhakhaatiirtu ma caawin bukaanka calaamadaha, iyo sababaha cudurka. Correction waxaa lagu fuliyaa dabiibida jiinka cell degaaankaaga kaliya aan weli la ballaaran u codsatay la xiriirta unugyada galmada.