Silicon (element kiimikada) guryaha formula sifo. Sheekada furitaanka Silicon

Qalabka badan oo casri ah farsamada iyo apparatuses lagu abuuray sabab u ah sifooyinka gaarka ah ee walxaha laga helay ee dabiiciga ah. Dadka by tijaabo oo si taxaddar leh xubno ka ah in na hareerayn si joogto ah casriyaynta ay abuurtay gaar ah - habkan waxaa loo yaqaan horumarka farsamada. Waxay ku salaysan tahay mid fudud, la heli karo in qof kasta waxyaalaha na hareerayn nolol maalmeedka. Tusaale ahaan, oo ciidda ku, waxa uu noqon karaa mid la yaab leh oo aan caadi ahayn? Seynisyahanno ay awoodaan in ay ka jaraan ka Silicon ah - element kiimikada ah, iyada oo aan taas waxaa jiri lahaa qalab computer ma. Its field of codsiga waa kala duwan oo si joogto ah la ballaariyo. Taana waxaa lagu gaarayaa by guryaha gaarka ah ee la eb Silicon ah, qaab-dhismeedkooda iyo suurtagalnimada xeryahooda fudud oo walxaha kale.

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In nidaamka wareegsan, horumariyo D. I. Mendeleevym, Silicon (element kiimikada) ka muuqata calaamadda Si. Waxaa loola jeedaa in aan biraha, waxa uu ku yaalaa kooxda ugu weyn ee afraad ee muddada saddexaad, ayaa tirada qaaradda 14. Its u dhawaanshaha carbon ma aha shil: in badan oo ka mid ah guryaha ay yihiin dhigma. Ma laga helay ee dabiiciga ah foomka saafi ah, sida element firfircoon oo uu leeyahay bond ku filan xoog leh oxygen. wax Base - silica, taas oo ah xabagta ah, iyo silicates (ciid). Marka Silicon this (Xarunta dabiiciga ah) waa mid ka mid ah xubno ka kiimikada ee ugu badan ee adduunka. content jajab Mass waxaa ka mid ah waa labaad oo kaliya in ay oxygen (in ka badan 28%). The lakabka sare qolof ah ku jira dioxide Silicon foomka (quartz this), noocyada kala duwan ee maadado iyo ciid. Kooxda labaad ee ugu badan wuxuu ka kooban yahay silicates ay. At qoto dheer ah oo ku saabsan 35 km ka layers dusha sare ee loo qoondeeyey dhagax adag oo basalt kayd, taas oo ka mid ah xeryahooda Silicon. content The boqolkiiba core dhulka ee ma aha baxay tirada weli, laakiin dhow layers dusha of go'iisii ka (ilaa 900 km) ka kooban silicates. Halabuurka The fiirsashada Silicon aaso waa 3 mg / l, ciidda Labiyo 40% ka kooban xeryahooda. Cosmos, taas oo Dadka taariikhda ayaa baaritaan ku jira element kiimikada ee u tiro badan. Tusaale ahaan, falanqaynta spectral of meteorites, taas oo soo dhawaado dhulka ka fog in la heli karo si cilmi, ayaa muujisay in ay ka kooban yihiin 20% ka mid ah Silicon. Waxaa suuro gal ah ee formation of nolosha ku saleysan element this ee naga Galaxy.

hannaanka cilmi-baarista

History of helitaanka Silicon element kiimikada ayaa dhowr marxaladood. waxyaaba badan, habeeyay Mendeleev, loo isticmaalo dadka qarniyo. Waxaa intaa dheer, xubno ka yihiin qaab dabiici ah, i .E. ee xeryahooda in aan la kiimikaad ahaan loola dhaqmo, iyo guryaha oo dhan lama yaqaan in ay dad. In geeddi-socodka waxbarashada oo dhan sifooyinka of walax uu u muuqday isticmaalka cusub. The sifooyinka Silicon taariikhda aan la bartay ilaa dhamaadka - element this filan waa kala duwan oo kala duwan ee codsiyada ka baxo qolka ikhtiraac cusub jiilka mustaqbalka ee saynisyahano. technology Modern si weyn u dardar doonaa habka this. In qarnigii XIX ah, farmashiye badan oo caan ah ayaa isku dayaya in ay ka heli Silicon daahir ah. Waayo, markii ugu horeysay ee ay suurto gal ahayd in la sameeyo Tenaru L. iyo J. Gay-Lussac in 1811, laakiin helitaanka element iska leh J. Berzelius, kan kara inuu aqoonsado ma aha oo kaliya walax, laakiin sidoo kale si aad u sharaxdo. Farmashiyaha ka soo Sweden helay Silicon 1823, waayo, taasu waxa uu u adeegsaday potassium macdan iyo cusbo potassium. falcelinta ka dhacay Hannaan ee foomka kulaylka. The keentay walax fudud midab cawl-brown waa Silicon ah qaab ma lahayn. Crystal element saafi helay in 1855, Sainte-Kler Devilem. kakanaanta waxaa si toos ah oo la xidhiidha qoondaynta ee xoogga sare ah bonds qaaradda. In labada kiisaska, falcelinta kiimikada la faray in la helo geeddi isdaahirinta ka nijaasta ahaa, ee lagu daydo amorphous iyo crystalline leeyihiin guryaha kala duwan.

Silicon: kiimikada dhawaaq element

Magaca koowaad ee budada ka dhalanaya - Kizel - waxaa la soo jeediyay by Berzelius. In United Kingdom iyo United States Silicon iyo maanta waxaa loo yaqaan Silicon (Silicium) ama silicone (Silicon). Ereyga waxuu ka yimid ereyga "dhagaxmadow" ee Laatiin (ama "dhagax"), iyo xaaladaha intooda badan ku xidhan yahay fikradda "dhulka" sabab u ah faafinta ballaadhan ee dabiiciga ah. dhawaaq Ruush ah kiimikada waa ka duwan yahay, waxa ay ku xiran isha. Wuxuu la odhan jiray silica (Zakharov codsatay dheer ee 1810), Sicily (1824, Dvigubsky, Solovyov), silica (1825, cabsi), iyo kaliya ee 1834, farmashiyaha Ruush Jarmal Ivanovich Gess barayaa magac in ilaa hadda loo isticmaalo ilo badan - Silicon. Waqtiga The Mendeleyev System uu calaamad u qoondeeyey Si. Sida loo akhriyo Silicon ah element kiimikada? culimo badan oo ka mid ah dalalka Ingiriiska ku hadla magiciisa, Ninkanu sida "B" ama isticmaal erayga "silicone". Sidaa awgeed magaca ugu caansan dunida ee dooxada, taas oo ah cilmi-baadhis ah iyo wax soo saarka ee barnaamijka hardware kombiyuutarka. dadka Ruush-hadalka waxaa loola jeedaa element Silicon ah (ka erayga Giriigga ah "gabiga Mountain").

Ahaanshaha ee dabiiciga ah, beeraha

nidaamyada buurta dhan ka kooban xeryahooda Silicon, oo waa inaan laga helin nooc ka mid saafi ah, sababtoo ah dhammaan macdanta loo yaqaan waa dioxides ama silicates (aluminosilicates). quruxda cajiib ah oo dhagaxyo ah ku isticmaala dadka sida wax ah ornamental - waxaa opals, amethysts, nooca quartz, yasbid, khalkedoon, iyo agate, crystal ayaa dhagaxayga weyn, sardiyos, iyo kuwo kale oo badan. Waxaa loo sameeyay ay sabab u tahay dhacdo ka mid ah xeryahooda Silicon kala duwan oo go'aamisay cufnaanta, qaab-dhismeedka, midabka iyo jihada isticmaalka. Dib dunida ka imanba lala xiriirin karo element isla kiimikada, kaas oo deegaanka foomamka bonds xoog leh biraha ama biraha (zinc, magnesium, calcium, manganese, titanium iyo D. sidaas on.). By la barbardhigo waxyaabaha kale, Silicon si sahlan loo heli karo, waayo saaridda ee qiyaasta warshadaha: waxaa la helay in noocyada ugu waawayn ee senti iyo macdan. Sidaa darteed, kayd si firfircoon miino ku xiran yihiin ilaha ugu awoodi karo tamar badan, si ay kooxahaasi dhuleed ee arrinta. Quartzites iyo ciid quartz waa laga helo dalalka oo dhan. Inta badan saarayaasha ugu waaweyn iyo kuwa alaabada Silicon waa: China, France, Norway, United States (West Virginia, Ohio, Alabama, New York), Australia, South Africa, Canada, Brazil. All saarayaasha isticmaali siyaabo kala duwan, taas oo ku xidhan yihiin nooca sheyga (farsamo, Semiconductor,-Silicon sare). element Chemical ku hodanaynta intaa ama haddii kale, ka dhammaan noocyada nijaasta ku daahir yeelay wuxuu leeyahay sifooyin shakhsi ah taas oo ku xiran ay la isticmaalo dheeraad ah. Tani waxay sidoo kale khuseysaa walaxda. Qaab dhismeedka Silicon qeexayaa baaxadda ay codsiga.

History of isticmaalka

Inta badan, sababta oo ah isku mid ah oo magacyada dadka iskaga qasnee Silicon iyo dhagaxmadow oo kale, laakiin fikradaha kuwanu ma isku mid. Waxaan nahay cad. Sida hore u soo sheegnay, in dabeecadda, Silicon waa inaan laga helin qaabka saafi ah, ma la odhan karaa oo ku saabsan xidhiidhada uu (silica isla). The macdanta muhiimsan iyo dhagaxyada la aasaasay dioxide aan ku fekereyno walaxda - waa ciid (biyaha iyo silica), quartz iyo quartzite, feldspar iyo dhagax adag. Arintaan maqlay waa in uu leeyahay oo dhan, maxaa yeelay, iyada waxaa la siiyey muhiimadda ugu weyn ee taariikhda aadanaha oo. Iyada oo ay taasi ku xerin qalabka dhagaxa by aadanuhu inta lagu jiro xilligii dhagaxa. Its geesaha fiiqan keentay ka jaba ee gunta, aad bay u fududeeyaa shaqada oo ka mid ah hooyooyinka qadiimiga ah, iyo suurtagalnimada of fool - ugaarsato iyo kalluumaysatada. Flint ma lahayn xoog ee alaabta birta ah, laakiin alaabtii ku guuldareystay si fudud loo bedeli kara. Its isticmaalka sida dhagaxmadow oo socday qarniyo badan - ilaa la alifay ee ilaha kale.

Iyadoo la tixgelinayo xaqiiqada maanta jirta, sifooyinka Silicon dhigo mid suurto gal ah in ay ka faa'ideysan wax decoration ama abuurista weelka dhoobada, oo leh, marka lagu daro a muuqaalka bilicsanaanta fiican, waxa uu leeyahay tiro ka mid ah tayada functional fiican. jihada A gooni ah oo ay codsi ay sabab u abuurtay ee galaas oo ku saabsan 3000 sano ka hor. Dhacdadani waxa la siiyaa fursad in la abuuro iyo muraayadaha, suxuunta, mahrajaan gaaro dhiigga galaas xeryahooda ka kooban Silicon. Formula walxaha hore kaabaya qaybaha lagama maarmaanka ah, jidaynayey sheyga in la siiyo midabka la doonayo iyo saamaynta on xoogga galaaska. quruxda cajiib ah oo noocyo kala duwan ee shuqullada tahay ayaa la dhigay by nin ka macdanta iyo dhagaxyo kooban Silicon. The guryaha bogsiinaya of element this ayaa ku tilmaamay by saynisyahano of Qarniyadii hore oo loo isticmaalo taariikhda aadanaha oo dhan. Oo waxay saareen baxay ceel ee la cabo biyaha lagu keydiyo alaabooyinka loo isticmaalo nolol maalmeedka iyo daawo. Budada laga heli by sii darane waxaa laga codsadaa in ay nabarrada ka. fiiro gaar ah la siin jiray in biyaha oo shaaca ka qaaday in dheri xeryahooda ka kooban Silicon sameeyey. Halabuurka element Chemical kulana la, jidaynayey tirada baabbi'in bakteeriyada pathogenic iyo sheyga. Iyo in aan qaybaha oo dhan halkaas oo aanu ayaa ka fiirsaneysa inay maalkiisu waa mid aad u, aad in dalabka. Qaab dhismeedka Silicon sababa ay multifunctionality.

guryaha

Wixii faahfaahin dheeraad ah oo ku saabsan muuqaalada waxyaabaha ay lagama maarmaan tahay in la tixgeliyo, iyada oo la tixgelinayo dhammaan guryaha ay suurtagal tahay. Qorshaha sifooyinka kiimikada Silicon element ka mid ah guryaha jireed, oo xuduudaheedu korontada, xeryahooda daraasadda iyo xaaladaha reaction, iyo si ay marinka. G. Silicon qaab crystalline uu leeyahay midab madow cawlan la isdiyaarintiisana macdan ah. Face-xuddun u daaqaddii cubic of carbon eg (diamond), laakiin ay sabab u tahay dhererka weyn ee links ma aha sida xoog leh. Caaga sameeyaa ilaa kulaylka 800 ^{° C,} in kiisaska kale, waxa wali jilicsan. The guryaha jirka ah ee Silicon ka sameeyaan walax si dhab ah u gaar ah, waayo, kaasu waa hufan shucaaca infrared. barta barafku - 1410 ⁰ C iyo karkaraya - 2600 ⁰ C, cufnaanta ku hoos jira xaalad caadi ah - 2330 kg / m ^3. conductivity kaamerada ma aha joogto ah tusaalooyinka kala duwan waxaa la helay in qiimaha qiyaas ah 25 ⁰ C. The guryaha la eb Silicon ogolaan isticmaalkeeda sida Semiconductor ah. Codsiyada noocan oo kale ah waa kuwo ugu badan ee baahida adduunka maanta. baaxadda conductivity saamaysaa Halabuurka ee Silicon iyo xubno ka, waa in lala iyaga la. Sidaas daraaddeed, Waayo, conductivity electronic wanaajiyey waxaa loo isticmaalaa midabyo, arsenic, fosfooraska, waayo dalool - aluminium, gallium, boron, indium. Marka la abuuro qalab la Silicon waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida daawaynta a guide dusha la wakiilka, taas oo saameyn ku hawlgalka hay'adaha.

The sifooyinka Silicon sida kaari u fiican ilaa xad si ballaadhan ee qalabka casriga ah loo isticmaalo. Gaar ahaan muhiim ah ay la isticmaalo in soo saaridda of qalab casri ah (tus, aaladaha casriga ah Kombuyuutarada, kombiyuutarada).

Silicon: element kiimikada sifo

Xaaladaha intooda badan, Silicon waa tetravalent, waxaa kale oo jira isgaarsiinta kuwaas oo waxaa lagu hagaajin karo in laba. Under xaaladaha caadiga ah waa liidata firfircoon, ayaa xarunta xoog leh heerkulka qolka fal karaa oo keliya fluorine ee gobolka gaseous wadar ahaan labada lug. Tan waxa u sabab filimka ka xanibeen Dioxide saamayn dusha, kaas oo lagu arkay dhexgalka la oxygen daarmayaay'e ama biyo. Si aad u kicin dareen diidmo loo baahan yahay in la isticmaalo Hannaan ah: in la kordhiyo heerkulka waa fiican ee walax sida Silicon. element Chemical sameynayso la oxygen at 400-500 ⁰ C, taasoo keentay Dioxide korodhka film, geeddi-socodka lagu qayilo. Marka heerkulka lagu sara 50 ⁰ C falcelinta la bromine, chlorine, iodine, dheehan tetrahalides kacsan sameeyay. Iyada oo acids Silicon ma fal, marka laga reebo isku dar ah ee hydrofluoric iyo nitric acid, halka wax alkali ee gobolka kulul waa dareeraha. Silanes soo saaray oo kaliya by daatay ee silicides wajigooda ayaa la hydrogen ma aysan galaan. The ugu badan xoog iyo kiimikada xeryahooda kala duwan caajisnimo la boron iyo carbon. caabin High si alkalis iyo acids, iyadoo xarunta ah ee nitrogen, taas oo dhacda at heerkulka ka badan 1000 ⁰ C. silicides waxaa helay fal-celin la Biraha, iyo haddii ay taasi ku xiran tahay valency ee element ah kaabaha, taas oo muujinaysa Silicon. walax Formula sameeyay qeyb ka mid ah biraha kala guurka ah waa adkaysi u acids. Dhismaha eb Silicon si toos ah u saameeyaa hantida iyo awoodda si ay ula falgalaan xubno kale. Geedi socodka ah ee formation of bonds ee dabiiciga ah iyo markii loo feydo walaxda (shaybaarka, deegaanka warshadaha) si weyn u kala duwan yihiin. Qaab dhismeedka Silicon qabanayaa hawl kiimikada ay.

Qaab-dhismeedka

Qaab-dhismeedka wareeg ee la eb Silicon uu leeyahay sifooyin u gaar ah. core Kharashka 14, taas oo u dhiganta tirada isku xigxiga ee nidaamka wareegsan. Tirada qurubyada amray, protons - 14; electron - 14; neutrons - 14. Qaab-dhismeedka wareeg ee atamka Silicon waa kuwan soo socda: Si +14) 2) 8) 4. On (external) heerka ugu dambeeya electron yihiin 4 in ay go'aamiso heerka uu qayilo calaamada "+" ama "-". xabagta Silicon leedahay formula ah SiO ₂ (valence 4+), xarunta a hydrogen kacsan - SiH ₄ (valence of -4). qadar badan oo ah atamka Silicon kartaan in xeryahooda qaar ka mid ah waxay leeyihiin tiro isuduwidda 6 a, sida xarunta a la fluorine. mass gaws - 28 gacan qaaradda - 132 Sabuurrada, qaabeynta electron qolof ah: 1S 2s ^{2 2} 3 ^{2 6} 2p 3P ^2.

codsiga

Surfactants ama Silicon buuxda doped waxaa loo isticmaalaa sida Semiconductor ah Abuuridda of (D. tus, unugyada tamarta qoraxda, transistors, rectifier iyo t.) Badan, oo ay ku jirto sax, qalabka. Ultrapure Silicon waxaa loo isticmaalaa in la abuuro unugyada cadceedda (tamarta). Nooca crystal hal loo isticmaalo soo saaridda ee muraayadaha iyo gaaska laser ah. xeryahooda Silicon galaas helay, xabbad leben dhoobada, pottery, galaas oo earthenware. kala duwan ee noocyada kala duwan ee badeecadaha soo saaray waa adag tahay in la qeexo, oo ay dhiig-miirashada dhacdaa nolol maalmeedka, fanka iyo sayniska, goobta shaqada. cement The keentay waa wax xumu in la abuuro keegag iyo qalab dhameystir leben. Qaybinta saliidaha, saliidaha ku salaysan xeryahooda silicone si weyn hoos ugu dhigi kartaa khilaaf ee qaybaha guuraya nidaamyo badan. Silicides ay sabab u tahay sifooyinka gaarka ah ee counter warbaahinta dagaal (acids, heerkulka) waxaa si ballaaran loo adeegsado warshadaha. Ay korontada, tilmaamayaasha nuclear iyo kiimikada tixgeliyaan khubaro ku saabsan waxyaalaha ka soo baxa oo adag, kaalin aan yarayn iyo qaab-dhismeedka la eb Silicon ah.

Waxaan ku liis-ka-teknoolojiyad sare ugu horumarsan iyo in codsiga taariikhda. Kuwa ugu badan, kaasoo lagu soo saaro tiro badan Silicon Farsamada waxaa loo isticmaalaa siyaabo dhowr ah:

1. Sida wax cayriin ee wax soo saarka ee walax saafi ah.
2. Waayo, alloying warshadaha qodniinka-: joogitaanka Silicon kordhiyaa refractoriness ah, hagaajinaysaa iska caabin ah daxalka iyo xoog farsamo (with Franchise ee element this, daawaha noqon kartaa mid aad u debcaan).
3. Sida deoxidizer ah ay ka saareen oxygen xad-dhaaf ah ka biraha.
4. alaabta ceeriin soo saarka ee silanes (Si qaatey walxaha organic).
5. Waayo, wax soo saarka hydrogen of daawaha Silicon-birta.
6. Production ee cadceedda.

qiimaha badan oo ah walaxda iyo hawlaha caadiga ah ee u shaqeeyo aadanaha. Qaab dhismeedka Silicon, hantida waa in kiiskan muhim. Xaaladdan oo kale, dheeri ah ama la'aanta waxaa ka mid ah u keenaysaa in cudurro halis ah.

jidhka bini'aadamka

Medicine muddo dheer la isticmaalayo Silicon sida bactericidal iyo aalkolada. Laakiin oo dhan faa'iidooyinka isticmaalka dibadda element this waa in si joogto ah cusboonaadey ee jirka aadanaha. Heerka caadiga ah ee ay ka kooban tahay nolosha kor u qaadi doontaa guud ahaan. Haddii ay dhacdo in la'aanta ah ee in ka badan 70 walxood raad iyo fitamiinada ay metabolized by jidhka, kaas oo ah iska caabin weyn uga yar in noocyo kala duwan oo cudurro. tirada ugu badan ee Silicon lagu arkay lafaha, maqaarka, seedaha. Waxa uu kaalin ee element a dhismaha kaas oo ay taageertaa xoogga iyo siinayaa barti. Dhamaan unugyada adag lafaha sameeyay kharash ku xeryahooda ay. Sidaas darteed of baaritaano dhawaan la helay content Silicon in kelyaha, xammeetidu iyo unugyada connective ah. Doorka jidhadhkooda dhaxgalka ee jirka waa wax weyn, sidaas yareynta ay ka kooban tahay waa saamaynta dhaawici on tilmaamo badan oo muhiim u ah hab-nololeedka. Maalintii cunto iyo jirka biyaha waa in ay helaan 1 garaam oo ah Silicon - caawin looga fogaado doonaa cudurada ay suurtogal tahay sida caabuq maqaarka, Jilcinta lafaha, formation of dhagax beerka, kelyaha, aragga indhaha oo isku darsamay, timaha iyo xaaladaha ciddiyaha, atherosclerosis. Marka heer ku filan oo waxa ku jira this element korodhka difaac, normalizes-shiid, hagaajinaysaa nuugista ee xubno badan oo lagama maarmaan u ah caafimaadka dadka. Qadarka ugu weyn ee silica - in dalagga firileyda, radishes, kaleh. soo celin doonaa faa'iidooyinka muhiim ah in biyaha Silicon. Si loo go'aamiyo tirada iyo inta jeer ee ay la isticmaalo waxaa ugu wanaagsan in la tasho dhakhtar takhasus u leh.